Management Principles Company

Management Principles Comp some(prenominal)Subject principles of earthly concernagement Henri Fayol (born 1841in Constantinople Istanbul died 1925 in Paris). He gradational from the mining academy of St. Etienne (cole des Mines de Saint-tienne) in 1860 as a French engineer. At the age of 19 he first entered into a mining caller- away Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambeau-Decazeville as an engineer and then later on was k forthwithn to become the managing director of the comp some(prenominal) from 1888 to 1918. It is said that he took everywhere the party as a managing director when the firm was in crisis and was judge to come to a close. Henri Fayol was the man that brought the company from near clo for certain to a boom stage. Fayol was also known to be an observant theorist and did not believe in paper c al i on or mathematics. He plunge discover simple tools and ways to help the histrions to speed up their taxs that would lastly lead to better issue and better overall re sults of the company.Fayol has made 3 key contributions to vigilance. Firstly, he differentiated between technical and managerial skills. Secondly, he constructed 5 principal(prenominal) functions of a manager ( intentionning, organizing, commanding, co-coordinating and controlling).thirdly and the most important he clothe(p) down the 14 principles of management that he estimation were public to all organisations. No doubt due to his great contributions he is rightly named the father of management thought.Fayol laid down the five main principles of a manager / management. This he believed were basic activities that a manager had to perform in accordance to establishing a recognized and competitive firm.The come aftering lines talk rough the five elements of managementPlanning Planning is chalking out a think of action, i.e. the result envisaged, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through and methods to use. Fayol. (P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003).Fa yol believed that it is needful to excogitation before you start any new venture or project. If the external and internal environment are not properly analyze and excogitations drawn accordingly it is highly unlikely for the project to be a triumph.Organizing organizing is primarily bringing all the resources namely human resources,financial and temporal resources unitedly to build a proper structure. It is mainly identifying in detail the activities and objectives of the plan and accordingly divide the activities in jobs and different sections depending on the nature of the jobs. irresponsible it in the main refers to guiding the employees on how to perform the various jobs or activities. A manager should be able to estimate the efforts or energy of the employees and as a result create harmony and initiative among the twistforce.Coordinating mainly involves the balancing the activities and actions of the workforce to create peace and harmony and bring together the personne l to solve general problems amongst them.Controlling is concerned with ensuring that the goals or objectives of the establishment are met as efficiently and effectively as possible. (P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003). It also involves do sure that the company is going in the right direction as planned and achieving the set goals within the deadlines.However, in the later few age Fayols five elements of management were further expanded by the Ameri arsehole Luther Gulick and Brit Lydnall Urwick into seven elements which are as follows Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.Like mentioned supra his most significant contribution to management are the 14 principles. These principles were laid down by Fayol based on his personal experiences and through the reflexion of tasks and activities carried out by the workers. He believed the principles to be flexible and not irresponsible and to be utilized as the situation demands (P.C.Jain, C.S harma, M.Nandrajog, 2003)Discussed below are Fayols 14 principles of management.O Division of work Fayol believed that the work is best carried out when it is carefully divide and single(a)ly person is abandoned their specific divided task to be carried out. It also ensured that the work was carried out effectively and efficiently. The main advantage according to fayol for the division of work was specialisation. He insisted that when a worker carried out a particular task a number of clock he specialises in that work and is the best man for that particular job.O Authority and Responsibility No individual can give his best performance unless he is given the laterality to perform the responsibility he is given. For e.g. if an individual is given the responsibility to organise an event but is not given the chest to select who go away carry out what task then its not possible for the event to be a success as for that to happen he should be given the right to appoint the best man he thinks is right for the job and also sign any necessary ratiocinations that comes along the way. Responsibility is nothing but the responsibleness to carry out any particular task assigned and post is the right to communicate decision in regards to the responsibility. Fayol believed authority and responsibility to be at parity.O Discipline Fayol believed that for at that plate to be discipline in the organisation it was necessary to scram good supervisors at all levels. He did not like the idea of anyone breaking the rules and causing disorder. Moreover he cute there to exist a mutual respect and rationality between the manager and employees of the company where the manager should frivol away decisions keeping in mind the best interests of the employees and in turn the employees respect that decision and work for the betterment of the company.O Unity of command under this principle fayol wanted to insure that a subordinate should get orders from one and further 1 superior. He argued that if a subordinate got orders from more than one superior there was always a risk of excuse and the work not acquire done. To illustrate if a O Unity of direction fayol said that all the activities and tasks that are of the very(prenominal) type or nature should abide the same goals and plans. This means that all tasks of similar nature will have one manager and one objective(P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003) .This will ensure the work path smoothly and help speed up the process. For example fast regimen chain restaurants like McDonaldshave an international mart and each market will differ according to the external environment of that place which will include the religious aspects, legal aspects, technological aspects etc. To elaborate the plan or strategy that works in U.K may not be the same as that of India cause both the countries have different markets and the expectations from the customers may not be the same. So each division must plan accor ding to their external environment.Subordination of individual interests to general interests fayol believed that the interest of the concourse should supersede the interests of the individuals. In addition, the management should ensure that the individual interests merge with the interests of the group.profit fayol observed that fair methods of payment or remuneration motivate the employees to work hard and remain loyal to the company. This also works best in the interest of the employee and the employer.Centralization centralization means that the authority will be in the hands of a few. Fayol did not entirely mean that the company should be centralized but he assumed that the process of decision fashioning should be done by the managers which will reduce the nip on the employees and also mentioned that according to different circumstances the company can determine a centralized or decentralized approach. Fayol basically believed that thought the organisation is centralized it should give the subordinates enough authority to carry out their responsibilities.Scalar chain according to fayol scalar chain is the line of authority or the chain of superiors from the highest to lowest levels. He alleged that if the workers always follow the line of authority it may lead to slow decision making for e.g. if a sales manager wants to get in touch with the merchandising manager regarding some problems they are facing he will have to go through a line of authority which might production time. Fayol suggested that two individuals at the same ranking can communicate with each other without going through the chain of superiors. This breaking of the line of authority was called gang plank by fayol.Order this principle is divided into material and social order. Order simply means that everything should be in its place or a place for everything and everyone. This also emphasizes that the right man should be selected for the right job and at the right time. As it is nicely put order according to fayol was nothing but a place for everything (everyone) and everything (everyone) in its place. (P.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003).Equity fayol understood that if the workers were given a fair and mediocre treatment they would be motivated to work hard and give in their finest performance. He believed that employees should not be discriminated on the basis of colour, caste, age, sex, etc. during any activity or circumstances that turn up in the company. perceptual constancy of tenure of personnel according to fayol the unsteadiness of personnel in any organisation is a dreadful sign and goes on to show the incapability of the manager to keep his subordinates satisfied and happy. The instability also proves to be a costly affair for the organization as a whole. If the company wants to be a success it should ensure that the employees are content and are given enough time to adapt to the surroundings and the work place so as to give in their best efforts.I nitiative initiative generally means taking the first step or going against the odds to try out something new. In his principle of initiative that is what fayol suggests. For a company to achieve higher goals it is the duty of the managers to take initiative and undertake the projects which otherwise be ignored due to various reasons. In doing so he is setting a practical example for the subordinates to work hard and take initiatives to bring the company to a competitive stage in the market. odor de corps in simple terms it means team work. Fayol highlighted that the production results of a team or group is always higher than individual potentials. A team together is more daring and willing to take risks. Moreover, they come up with something extra called synergy. Brainstorming can also be a good example. Fayol also emphasized that the manager should make sure that the members of a team are in harmony and are at easy while communicating with each other. Good interpersonal human r elationship among the employees is always a benefit for a company. In spite of Fayols contributions he was highly opposed during his time. The workers went on strike and refused to work until the rules set by Fayol were removed. It was argued that carrying out a task continuously over a period of time which was said to specialise them in that work, as stipulate in his principle of division of work was viewed as rather verbose and tiresome to the workers. They believed that doing the same job over and over again would only make it worse since they would loose the interest. Moreover it could also be godforsaken to those workers who work in coal mines or other dangerous areas. Herbert Simon (1946), a critic, also argued that the principles were vague and contradictory. (Kenneth J. Meier, John Bohte).Even though, after all these old age Fayol has seemed to make a mark in history by his theories. aline enough that they were not appreciated in those days but his principles have proved very helpful for many theorists to understand the concept of management and how to control and run a successful trade. Many education centres and universities now teach about Fayols principles to help them have a indistinct knowledge about business and guide them through their business carriers. In many leading firms the basic elements planning, commanding, coordinating, controlling and organizing are followed and several principles (division of work, accordance of command, scalar chain etc.) have helped managers to make activities simpler and easier.ReferencesP.C.Jain, C.Sharma, M.Nandrajog, 2003.- business management.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayolhttp//www.analytictech.com/mb021/fayol.htmhttp//www.onepine.info/fayol.htmhttp//www.bola.biz/competence/fayol.htmlhttp//www.12manage.com/methods_fayol_14_principles_of_management.htmlhttp//www.lib.uwo.ca/business/fayol.htmlhttp//www.hrmguide.co.uk/history/classical_organization_theory_modified.htmhttp//www.iim-edu.org/manage mentgurus/Henri_Fayol.htmhttp//www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/cgi-bin/search.pl?term1=management+thinkerslimit=0http//212.219.3.14/lrc/checkpoint/THINK/DATA/THK-16.HTM

Pollution Associated With Oil And Gas Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Pollution Associated With anoint And Gas exertion Environmental Sciences Essay1.1.1 Oil and squander production generally generates abundant wealth for countries and contri preciselyes to the socio-economic development in the beas of foreign exchange earnings, provision of line of work opportunities, improved infrastructure, water supply, sewerage and waste treatment, health care and education, among otherwises. despite these economic and social benefits associated with the oil and hit man industry, the exploitation of oil and grease-gun reserves has not always been with bug out virtually ecological side effects. Oil spills, aggrieved land, strokings and fires, and incidents of air and water contamination grant all been save at various times and purports.1.1.2 The cont dismissions that follow will seek to suck up the contamination associated with the various presents of the oil and bodge production and will discuss the wide range of approaches used by government s across the globe to tone the attendant disturb and pollution to the ecosystem. The discussion will to a fault indicate an appropriate strategy to be adopted by the industry in order to achieve its general goal of finding the right immix of regulatory, co-regulatory, incentives and voluntary mechanisms to meet the challenge of world energy demands, whilst minimising adverse electric shock on the environment by conforming to current good practice.The environmental forces of the activities of the oil and gas industry exploration and exploitation, refining and products marketing take a crap been of concern to government regulatory agencies, oil companies operators as nearly as the host communities. The potential for extensive and irreversible environmental and social damage from oil development projects is particularly a data tracke in developing countries with forgetful regulatory frameworks or weak environmental and social legislation.The impacts of oil and gas trading operations generally occur in the form of human, socio-economic and cultural impacts, atmospherical impacts, aquatic and terrestrial impacts.Human, socio-economic and cultural impacts whitethorn acknowledge changes in land-use patterns, such as agriculture, fishing and hunting as demand consequence (for example, land-take and exclusion) or as a secondary consequence in the form of naked as a jaybird access routes, leading to unplanned settlement and exploitation of natural resources. The impact could also issuance in changes in aesthetics because of unsightly or noisy facilities.It has been reported that in some places where oil is discovered, the economy develops rapidly, but it is an economy of misery. Poorly built oil camps are carved out of the landscape and bring with them many social problems, such as obligate displacement, alcoholism, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV/AIDs. Oil companies and governments regularly wash their hands of the communities mostly damag ed by the oil development. In most instances, these communities are left on their own to try to determine how much and what kinds of defile the oil and gas industry has caused, and to search for ways to restore their communitys health.Protests by communities, often confrontational in nature, are the most eloquent testimonies of the protection to the general pollution of the environment by the activities of oil companies. For example, in 1995, proposals by slip to dispose of the Brent Spar oil storage eagerness provoked an extensive campaign of protests by activists from Greenpeace aimed at stopping Shell from dumping the Brent Spar in the North Sea. Spontaneous protests in support of Greenpeace and against Shell broke out across Europe, and eventually resulted in Shells eventual abandonment of plans to dump it deep in the Atlantic.,Atmospheric pollution results from flame up, venting, and purging gases, fugitive gases from loading operations and tankage and harmes from swear out equipment, electrocution processes such as diesel engines and gas turbines. The main emission gases include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, volatile organic carbons and nitrogen oxides.Gas flaring exposes workers, communities, and wildlife to pollution with various health effects. The flares pollute the clouds, causing a melanise rain that poisons water sources. The Niger Delta in Nigeria is a typical example of a region adversely affected by the impact of oil and gas exploration and production. Pervasive gas flaring is one of the key factors that project worsened the environment of the Niger Delta, attracting concern from the international community. It has been reported that Nigeria has the Worlds highest level of gas flaring and flares about 16 per cent of the worlds associated gas.Aquatic pollution result from production water, spills and news leaks, cooling water, process, wash and drainage water, drilling fluids, and chemicals used for well treatment. Oil is o ften spilled during transport through pipelines, trucks, and ships. When oil spills, it pollutes groundwater and waterways, harms plants and animals, and causes damage that may last for years to resources for hunting, fishing, and farming. Even once the oil appears to have dissipated, it potful still lurk beneath the surface of beaches and the sea bed, severely bear upon marine organisms that burrow, such as crabs, for literally decades. These burrowing creatures are also food for other animals, so the cycle of poisoning continues for many years.In addendum to the impact on marine life, oil spills have a direct impact on humans too long after the initial media frenzy has died down. For example, some Alaskan communities were affected by the Exxon Valdez misadventure of 1989 as important commercial fishing and hunting grounds were contaminated for an all-inclusive period. Tourism was also affected.Oil and gas operations also have potential impacts on vegetation and soils resulti ng from deforestation, disturbance due to construction activities, validatory impact due to social change and contamination resulting from spillage and leakage or solid waste disposal. During the course of exploration oil, forests are cut down and homes are destroyed. Roads are built, and streams and rivers are blocked up. seismic testing damages homes, wildlife, and the land. Oil drilling merchantman cause fires, blowups, and other accidents that endanger workers and the community. For example, in 1988, the get throughshore platform Piper Alpha, which was located in the British sphere of the North Sea oil field and operated by Occidental Petroleum, was engulfed in a catastrophic fire and resulted in the loss of 167 lives, costing billions of dollars in property damage, and the shutting down of approximately 10% of total UK gas production.The dumping of ototoxic water is also a major cause of pollution. Laws about drilling in wealthy countries direct the toxic water to be put back into the ground quite an than dumped on the surface. Oil companies often do nothing more than debate a hole and dump in crude oil, drilling wastes, toxic water, and other wastes leading to the contamination of groundwater and land.Pollution at the refining stage results from refineries releasing toxic waste into water, soil, and air and this leads to various health risks. This pollution also adds to global warming.The decommissioning phase of oil and gas production, if unchecked, can also present environmental problems by the disposal of oil platforms into deep waters. The end result could be hundreds of rusting platforms, obsolete subsea infrastructure and disused pipelines discharge all the way to land.It is important to point out here that the impact on the environment of oil and gas exploration and production operations depends on the stage of the process, the size and complexity of the project, the nature and sensitivity of the touch environment, the effectiveness of t he planning, pollution prevention, and mitigation control techniques.While some of these impacts can be said to be the result of unpredictable acts of God, the occurrence of some of these potentially devastating impacts often result from accumulation of errors and questionable decisions, most of which are rooted in the organization, its structure, procedures, and culture. These organizational factors include flaws in the program guidelines and design practices, misguided priorities in the management of the trade-off between productiveness and safety, mistakes in the management of the personnel on board, and errors of judgment in the process by which financial pressures are applied on the production sector resulting in deficiencies in inspection and maintenance operations.The Piper Alpha accident of 1988 is one of the cases that can hardly be attributed to an act of God rough-cut human error greatly contributed to this accident. Notwithstanding the fact that the coincidence of th e last-place events that triggered the catastrophe was not in itself controllable, the failure resulted essentially from an accumulation of management errors. In November 1990, Lord Cullens report into the disaster severely criticised safety procedures on the rig owned by Occidental Oil. The immediate cause of the disaster was afailure in the permit to work system which caused a breakdown in communications between the day shift and the iniquity shift. This led to the use of machinery which was undergoing maintenance and caused the escape of gas from an insecurely fasten temporary flange. Thereafter, there appeared to be a series of failures and errors of judgment which contributed to the overall scale of the disaster.In the case of the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1998, the US field Transportation Safety Board ruled that drinking by the ships captain, a fatigued and overworked crew and inadequate traffic control by the brim Guard all contributed to the enormous oil spill by the Ex xon Valdez off the Alaskan coast in 1989.In another instance, the final composition by the Commission set up by US prexy Barack Obama to investigate the cause of the recent BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion on 20 April 2010 in which 11 workers were killed and led to an estimated four billion barrels of oil gushing into the Gulf of Mexico (the National Oil declivity Commission) concluded, among others, that the explosive loss of the Macondo well could have been prevented and that the immediate causes of the Macondo well walkaway can be traced to a series of identifiable mistakes made by BP, Halliburton, and Transocean that reveal such systematic failures in risk management that they place in doubt the safety culture of the entire industry.

A Social Worker Personal Statement Personal Development Essay

A complaisant Worker Personal Statement Personal Development EssayMy reasons for applying to the well(p)-disposed practice program domiciliateed by your University are many and varied and empennage be summarised as a yearning to employ indoors habitual run across the United Kingdom and making a residual to the lives of the unfortunate members of our company who leave at some point main course companionable service. My desire is to be able to focus on tender serve and cosmos able to link theory and practice in concert in the process creation able to provide quality substantive services for the general public at large that I will be contributeing with. With many different inspirations, I believe I will be able to bring a really well rounded run across, thoughts and ideas to other fellow student in the program. I am interested in sharing my experiences as well as study from the experiences of other minds alike on the accessible work programme. I believe with my wealth of work experience, I will be able to offer an added dimension to your student composition while gaining instruction from competent force and staff.My goal in applying for the Bachelor in Social Work is non wholly vocational rather my interest foc occasions explicitly on the phylogenesis of methodical and critical counting skills so necessary to a loading to a life story within public services. I believe that the passing academic and interdisciplinary societal work degree course genuinely much appeal to me. I am interested not barely in an in-depth study of social work but also in participation and follow-up discussion with my other fellow students thus boosting my knowledge. base on my emphasise of having worked within a mental health infirmary as a health care Assistant I believe I have the necessary foundation and clinical knowledge that will cook up it easy for me to adjust to the demands of the course.In order to be an effective social worker I recognise t he sizeableness of the theoretical aspects of the programme and to booking believe that I have gained a lot of real human being experience, but I hire more training in the rudiments of how social work can improve the world of unfortunate members within our society. Even more importantly I believe that the social work programme offered by different universities that I have applied withal bridges the gap between theoretical principles and practical reality. This multidisciplinary approach is of the essence(p) for responding to todays social problems faced within the community I live in. I am excited by the likelihood of combination what I have already learnt to date from my time as a Healthcare Assistant as that would also give me a give the axe better understanding of social work call for of people that I have looked after in the hospital.Ever since my childhood and as a little girl I have detected in myself a certain compassion and innate desire to help others on more or less occasions when presented with a situation. I was the little girl that wanted to be a leader, one emulated the way community figures such doctors, nurses and social workers managed the services available to the general public. I was also the little girl who was dissatisfy when my friends either dropped out of school to look after their ailing resurrect or parents. I longsighteded to make changes when the own personal friend had to be taken into foster care when there was no relative compressed by to look after her. At the time my understanding was very limited I however have come to realise the importance of social workers and the part they play when I finally bumped into my friend age later. As such my career within the healthcare and social services sector was shaped from an early age and I hope to abide turning that dream into a reality by becoming a social worker myself as soon as I ammonia alum from this program.When I look back to my childhood, I can see and gliste n that I always knew that I wanted to work in a sector where I would be able to influence and offer services that benefit the unfortunate members of our society. I also knew my parents would be pleased. My mother being a veteran educationist in a country that lacked transparentness and accountability had been frustrated when trying to improve the accessibility of education to desensitize children within my district. She was frustrated when budget cuts tore apart the essential things to the development of an important education system and the same funds used for things that she perceived as useless to the public at large. My mothers background in public service, working with deaf and dumb children has reaffirmed my position that I love working and making a difference within society at large and my ideal life is to help create social welfare systems that will make a difference to the clients who will use our services, and whom will want to work with a Social Worker at some point in their life.In my current and previous roles within the healthcare sector I continue to gain great experience I however still disembodied spirit that in order for me to think strategically and manage the services better than they are currently being done thus providing excellent care to our service users I feel that the social work degree will be able to gibe me with the necessary platform, skills, expertise that will make me a good social worker for the good of the people. I want to be able to be a diversified knowledgeable social worker who is able to work in diversified roles within the healthcare or local giving medication institutions. A professional individual who is able to resolve problems for example a health care crisis involving a mental health patient who has relapsed and needs to be placed in a protective care milieu or placing an old patient being discharged from hospital in an environment where they could be looked after as they cannot physically do that whilst at the same time respecting that it is not an easy decision to take on their behalf but a decision that will benefit them in the long run.Again I realise that in order to make a serious impact and become a diversified player with a voice within the social services an individual who is able to work across different areas of health and social policy I need the social work qualification behind my name. From my experiences as a Healthcare Assistant I have learnt how I want to shape my future, my career goals are clearer to me than ever

Human Resource Management Essay

homosexual preference way EssayIntroductionI want to give dis destruction my research to formulate a specific research suspense which I result then be able to write a exclusively-embracing report on. The initial review intents at HRM as a hale and the theories that surround this, often over-looked, subject. Specific wholey, I want to look at how the HRM mental synthesis works within the tourism industry, especially looking at a study British holiday company and focusingsing on how HRM set off their employees in several(a) aspects of the business much(prenominal) as the customer go department. However, to achieve this I must first look at HRM as a topic to get the background research for my project to begin. tender Resource Management in the Tourism IndustryAs a demand result of new and to a greater extent sophisticated technology bear upon available to us, businesses ar increasingly growing to much(prenominal) an extent that they go bad into a global concern . This kernel that the design of human being Resource Management has become very important within businesses, nevertheless it is still looked upon as a lower department. However, the concept of Human Resource Management (HRM) has been firmly digd in literature and is hired more increasingly within utilisation sector ecesiss. The history of HRM could be summarised as it macrocosm developed ab initio from work in the USA in the 1960s and 1970s and was created from some(prenominal) inter think sources and since then the concept has been spread from the USA, into Europe and eventually Australasia. on that register is no formal definition of HRM because incompatible companies imply different definitions from various evidential sources. Basically, HRM dismiss be defined as a send of circumstances that affect the employment and contribution of pack, against the criteria of coherence and appropriateness (Brewster, 1994). However, Kirkbride (1994) suggested that the use of the term HRM gives the general sense of the policies, procedures and carry throughes involved in the steering of wad in various work environments. Bratton and Gold (1999) also noted that a definition of the subject matter under which HRM covers would jock to analyse and attend the HRM practices. They also defined HRM the subject asThat part of the prudence process that specialises in the solicitude of people in work organisations. Human Resource Management emphasises that employees be the primary pick for gaining a sustainable and competitory advantage, and that kind-hearted resource activities guide to be integrated within the unified system, and that human resource specialists help organisations to agree two the efficiency and right objectives...Mead (1998) states that the key terms in HRM literature are strategical focus. This meant that the need for human resource policies and practices had to be inhabitent with the overall business strategy, allowing the un married sections of a HRM package to reinforce each(prenominal) opposite. This should particularly emphasise teamwork, flexibility, employee date and organisational dedication. This, however, is a completely opposite message to the traditional demands on the human resource systems of countries equal USA where there is a collective negotiate arrangement from both the employers and the policy-makers. Therefore, the product market environment of the 1980s changed this daub so that the traditional demands would still be met, but at the very(prenominal) time the human resource management system would also meet their new demands at the level of the individual employee and throughout the entire organisation (Beaumont, 1993). The Harvard blood line School approach to strategic HRM suggests that the need for all the people involved with the business organisation, such as the employees, their union, the customers, etc., should be taken into broadsheet when considering any organisati onal arrangements, and making employee influence one of the leading policy areas in their attempt to develop a pro-active, strategic and broad- ground HRM orientation in each individual organisation or department. The terms and content harbour changed easily through the 1980s and 1990s, with a greater emphasis now being placed on the financial, communication and problem-solving activities. (Beaumont, 1993).Again, Bratton and Gold (1999) also stated that HRM could be described as the organisations valued assets, emphasising the commitment of employees as a means of competitive advantage, and therefore creating calculative, quantitative and strategic managerial aspects of managing the workforce in a rational and humane way.HRM PracticesAs there is an increase in the greater quality of competition, the spirited the emphasis on the market and the forever and a day changing attitudes towards work itself has made it necessary to identify and adopt different management approaches. Ev en though the focus has moved from a structural and systematic way of thinking to the development of specific managerial practises that will stimulate a corporate culture and in return employee commitment is secured to the extensive use of employee resources by the HRM. Therefore, in order to understand why HRM is needed in the tourism industry, it is important to look at the role of HRM within an organisation, as this is the custodian of competitiveness.A review of the literature based on planetary HRM by Harzing and Ruysseveldt (1995) revealed three briny areas of discourse staffing, development and development, assessment and compensation. These are also considered to be the main activities in both domestic and international HRM. In general, staffing issues in an international organisation ordinarily involve filling critical management vexs. This means that almost all employees in the middle management and more operative levels are always selected and recruited on a topica l anesthetic basis to the organisation. Sometimes, when certain candidates for upper management posts are being recruited, there are various options as to whether read a candidate from the organisations name-country nationals, their host-country nationals or even third-country nationals. The final choice, however, is definitely restricted on the attitude of the top level management at the parent organisation.According to Perlmutter (1969), these attitudes can be divided into three central categories Ethnocentricity, Polycentricity, and Geocentricity. In respect to quality, top level management is continuously battling to weigh passkey managerial skills and technical competence against environmental adaptiveness. Therefore, the susceptibility to adapt to local cultures is a major factor, involving not moreover the candidate, but also their supply and their immediate family as hale.Training and development activities within international HRM systems, places such emphasis on sh ifting from the preparatory training needs of expatriates to a fully international training and development system which is available to all managers and will improve their performance in a global perspective, no matter of their country of origin. Today, these activities are crucial to international HRM. They can be big which means the person who gets the antic will need to know the specific organisational structure to which they will be assigned and the job and task skills call for of them there.They must also acquire an understanding of the local area including such things as the social, cultural, and legal aspects and develop the necessary interpersonal skills with which to perform well in various situations. The importance of the last two areas however was pointed out in a survey conducted by Harzing and Ruysseveldt (1995), where they identified cultural sensitivity and the ability to handle responsibility as well as the ability to develop employees, a managers three most im portant skills in their job role.Finally, the last important task identified was that of assessment and compensation. This process of assessing and compensating international managers is complex in nature and can be reflected in the requirements employ in such assessments. For example, Adler and Bartholomew (1992) suggested that these requirements are often a reflection of a more traditional approach to international managers, thus meaning their methods are based on the ethnocentric attitudes held by high management levels that are predominantly using parent-country nationals to staff their companys foreign subsidiaries. However, such subsidiaries are subordinates to the main headquarters, both on an organisational and cultural level.As a result, more open-minded, authors, such as Brewster (1994) and Stonehouse (2000) have taken part in the continuing debate on the concept of strategic HRM. They have argued that the underlying concept is the root that human resources are not only a high in operation(p) cost for most organisations, but are also a major factor in the contribution of the effective utilisation of all the organisations resources as well.The Importance of HRM and the Business StrategyOne of the main features that defines strategic HRM is its close relationship to the businesss main strategy and is creates the argument of is there a direct correlation between strategic HRM and economic success? HRM only becomes strategic when in private sector human resources are promoted to a position where the organisation looks and treats them as a competitive advantage (Kochan and Dyer, 1992).This has raised a key debate in terms of how HRM can contribute to the overall success and competitiveness of the business. Until recently, however, most companies preferred a reactive management method within their human resources, leaving the personnel management to consist mainly of administrative activities.The creation of multiple new macro economies have led to the concept and recognition of people as a precious asset which if managed as a strategic resource can help an organisation to achieve superior performance levels and gain a greater competitive advantage. This awareness has led human resource management at once into the spotlight (Storehouse, 2000). Therefore, HRM has a definite strategic approach in put human resources and getting involved in a closer coincidence of employment allocation systems along with business strategy.The integration of HRM and business strategy means that the level at which the HRM issues are considered are now acting a larger role in the formulation of business strategies. Indeed, HRM intends to focus on the issue of strategy and the more organisations that become knowledgeable of this relationship, the more human behaviour becomes a competitive factor, which is closely have-to doe withed to the strategic direction of the particular organisation.According to Kirkbride (1994), an integration of business st rategy and HRM as described earlier can have several advantages. Firstly, integration means that a broader range of solutions is available for solving complex organisational problems without the need for outer help. Secondly, it ensures that the human, financial, and technological resources also are given equal consideration when reach targets and looking at the implementation capabilities.Third, through this kind of integration, various organisations can explicitly concentrate on the individual employees, who the departments comprise of and their needs and only then can they implement their policies. Finally, the response to integrating human resources and strategic plans can limit the level of subordination of strategic planning in consideration of human resource preferences and, thus neglecting human resources as a crucial source of organisational operations and the creation of competitive advantage.Whichever way you look at it, there is a growing body of evidence that supports the link of an association between high performing human resource management and organisational performance. It has been found that businesses whom linked HRM practices with their business strategy are constantly delivering higher financial performance outcomes. Beaumont (1993) argued that it is not just the relationship that is important but the quality of the HRM practices and a distinct approach is necessary in delivering high performance indicators. HRM strategies and practices must therefore be working well in concert within the individual businesss strategy planning.ConclusionAll of the theories used in this review have been extensively researched to conciliate in their final point of view. This means that it should not be that difficult to find any related researches within the subject field or any other second-string data I come across to answer my research questions and meet the objectives of my research as a re-analysis of all the data that has been already stack away could develop a new approach to the research.Search of secondary-data will be aided by internet searches which should prove useful for survey results like system of rulesal surveys, academic surveys organizations employee attitudes, email questions etc. Also, looking at and obtaining multiple-source data that has been published such as journals from tourism business magazines, books, government publications and organization reports. On closure, an important note to remember is that the results from my research and survey, along with the results from other surveys found, including the relations with the literature review, should meet my research topic generally and settle in a clear and informative answer to my research question and its objectives.BibliographyBeaumont, P. (1993). Human Resource Management Key Concepts and Skills. Sage Publications.Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (1999). Human resource management theory and practice. Basingstoke, Hampshire Palgrave.Brewster, C. (2003). Lin e Management responsibility for HRM What is happening in Europe? MCB UP Ltd. (Journal)Dessler, G. (2008). Human Resource Management (11th Ed.). Prentice-Hall Inc.Harzing, A. Ruysseveldt, J. (1995). International Human Resource Management. Sage PublicationsKirkbride, P. (1992). Human Resource Management in Europe. Routledge, capital of the United KingdomMaund, L. (2001). An Introduction to Human Resource Management. Palgrave MacMillanMead, R. (1998). International Management Cross-Cultural Dimensions. Blakewell PublicationsStonehouse, G. (2000). Business Strategy (2nd Ed). Butterworth-HeinemannFinal word Count 2047 (excluding references/bibliography)Carl Edwards

Effects Of Cramming For Examinations Education Essay

Effects Of Cramming For Examinations Education tryCramming is an ineffective training strategy adopted by a mass of students in higher educational institutes beca usance it causes interdict psychological and physical effects. R.Sommer (1968) define cramming as a period of neglect of study followed by a concentrated burst of studying immediately before an exam (p. 104). In this definition, concentrated burst of studying refers to a study strategy which come to studying for consecutive hours with or without short rest on the eve of examinations. Cramming or massed practice is, therefore, an intensive and quick study of pendent table of contents for the sole conclusion of breathing out examinations. Students who procrastinate by habits atomic number 18 more likely to delay tests preparation and indulge in valueless cramming. The pop the question of this paper is to address the widespread practice of cramming and its ineffectiveness with regards to its negative effects on s tudents.Researchers in the field of psychology and education cook argued for decades on the goals of education and students breeding experiences. In todays complex and challenging environments, change is imperative. P. Ramsden (1998) argued that development is interpreting and redeing of reality in a different mode to facilitate a student to comprehend the world by reinterpreting knowledge. accomplishment by students should be viewed as a constructive, self-regulated and goal-oriented individual process so that they can construct significances from knowledge (de Corte, 2000, p. 254). Towards this end, graduate students are expected to charter developed a fair expertise in critical sentiment skills to help them adapt to incisionicipate in economic, political and scientific issues of the world. educational pedagogy must enable students to analyze, theorize and happyly engage with distributively other and with the world around them. Despite informers repeated intervention to teach students appropriate learning strategies, more or less students still widely adopt line up learning getes to learning in contrast to deep learning approach. P.Ramsden in his book, Learning to Lead in Higher Education (1998), has described ascend approaches lead at best to the ability to retain unrelated details, much for a short period. They are related to lower levels of academic cognitive operation and more limited development of generic skills (p. 48). Such kind of approach entails the use of rote-memorization, chunking of factual knowledge, an inability to understand context from a deeper perspective, learning to earn a minimal pass in the examinations and roughly importantly, students are driven by external motivation to achieve passing grades and obtain qualifications. The question arises why do educational psychologists and teachers encourage students to start up a deep learning approach for examination purpose? The next part of this paper contains a discus sion of the question and highlights the negative effects of cramming for examinations.Todays observation of societies around the world reflects a dearth of intellectual persons with true and acquired individuality. The societies around us reflect individuals who are not secretive or devoted to their administrative tasks whether as public servants or politicians of a country. Harold E.Gorst in his book, The Curse of Education (1901), implicitly stated that progress heart development of ideas and mediocre individuals do not engage in much(prenominal) ideas which are progressive to a country. He notwithstanding states that as wide as education is synonymous with cramming on an organized plan, it will take place to form mediocrity (p. 6). Gorsts statement resonates the fact that cramming or the vast accumulation of factual and superficial knowledge, which has been forced upon the students, are partly the results of improper teaching, learning and assessment methods (examination s) of educational systems and partly the results of students learning strategies. Consequently, the achievement outcome of such educational systems which crams students to follow rigid pedagogical approach is at a higher level but it produces the biggest ill effect of this type of cramming system of education the failure of adequate personality and intellectual development of students who are capable of thinking for themselves as well graduates who regard the goal of learning as a process in itself and an end product. Such students beam in the knowledge domain only, but their cognitive domains (intellectual reasoning) along with his affective domains (concepts of self esteem, emotional development) are rapidly halted.In order to understand what is learning, it is very important to view learning in its specific contexts. For example, in the early systems of Japan and Hong Kong, learning was viewed as a process to strive knowledge and then an assessment of the knowledge. With an e nd to the learning process, the whole ensured meaning of learning was lost. In these countries, educational systems were dictated by higher politics as a means to deliver fast paced teaching and to direct students for higher education entrance examinations. The result was that competitive examinations were seen by petty(prenominal) and high school students as a measure to show their knowledge, remembrance and bother-solving skills rather than their intellectual reasoning and capacity building skills. However, still today, most parents and students in Taiwan still believe cram schooling permit positive effects on students learning achievement (Chen, S.Y. Lu, L. 2009). But the selfsame(prenominal) study concludes that the time spent in cram schools negatively impact the psychological well being of students and made them prone to depressive symptoms. The next part of the paper concentrates on the negative impacts of cramming on those students who cram by survival of the fitte st rather than necessity.Students who cram out of choice and habits are usually asterisk at the art of cramming and often pass their examinations. They have come to opine the purpose of education to attain knowledge through learning of subject content. The aim is targeted towards attaining only extrinsic rewards achieving good grades and qualifications. Driven by extrinsic motivation, with a resurrect approach to memorizing factual knowledge in the fountain of hours before examinations, these students are putting themselves into states of sleep deprivation and strive disorders. Students statute title that they recall materials better when learnt hours prior to examinations and feel less stressed. But, according to a research published in the newsletter, Monitor on Psychology (2001) of American Psychological Association, lack of sufficient sleep is a widespread problem among teens and adolescents are at high risk for cognitive and emotional difficulties, measly school performa nce, accidents and psychopathology. Several scientific researches has also concluded that young large number need adequate amount of sleep and resting periods to allow regeneration of the intelligence cells called neurons. Continued exertion of the head leads to lesser regeneration of new memories and fall brain activities in the cerebral cortex, the part of brain responsible for cognitive functioning. Limited cognitive abilities lead to poor memory retention, concentration and charge to details (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2007). From these evidences, lack of sleep and intense brain activities without rest causes fatigue and stress in these students.Stress can produce a long term effect which causes many students to develop further psychological and behavioural disorders ranging from anxiety, guilt and attention deficit disorders to patterns of irritability and aggression. adverse to these research findings, students who cram often become adept at it, and use these strategies over again with few changes in their habits. Therefore, it is very crucial to bring up awareness of the negative effects of massed practice on sleep patterns, stress and physiological derangement in the forms of chronic diabetes, obesity and hormones disturbance. Moreover, psychologists are in agreement, that spaced or distributed practice over consecutive days to achieve learning is more beneficial in terms of the physical and psychological well being of students.ConclusionThe preceding parts of the paper have provided evidences of the negative effects of cramming on students. The goal of education and learning is in complete contrast to the outcomes produced by cramming practice. It is fair to assume that students, who adopt surface learning strategies with a cynical view of education, cannot get far in terms of longevity since his intellectual and psychological development is incomplete. Being fit with an extrinsic motivation to performance, the nee d of todays times is for graduates to learn continuously with as such driven motives. In view of the ill-effects of cramming, it can be fairly say that cramming is an ineffective learning strategy, and produces mediocre individuals.

Merchant Of Venice - Plot Structure :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

Show how the patch of The merchant of Venice is apparently fanciful entirely in reality exactingly structured.The Merchant of Venice is a fairy tale. at that place is no more reality in Shylocks bond and the passkey of Belmonts will than in Jack and the Beanstalk.H. Granville-Barker, in Prefaces to Shakespeare. This is one authority of looking at the play, learning it or enjoying the performance. But it can be a contradiction to our effective feelings about this complex play. The Merchant of Venice major power appear to be a romanticist tale without much logic but that would be a superficial interpretation. Portias father may have raised our concerns in taking a representation her freedom to aim her be get byd Shylocks bond and those conditions may violate approximately legal codes but the way the play moves takes one beyond these doubts and objections. In The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare creates an interesting discriminate between the mercantile and tumultuous metrop olis of Venice and the peaceful and gracious population of Belmont. The striking difference between these dickens settings helps to capture and maintain our attention. There are differences in the value of systems of the good deal belonging to the two opposite cities. The contrast between Venice and Belmont is that one prop is where cash is made and the former(a)(a) where it is spent. One is characterised by light and bli accordinglyess and the other by moonlight and music. Wealth is described in nearly sensuous legal injury desire when Salerio saystouching but my gentle watercrafts sideenrobe the roaring waters with my silks.And in an humourous way later love is talked about in commercial terms. another(prenominal) contrast is presented when the scenes shift from Venice to Belmont. When we essay of Shylocks hatred and his terms of the bond, our anxiety builds. But then the play moves on to Belmont and the mood shifts from a sort of harshness and stress to a world of romance and graciousness. The to the highest degree striking contrast is between the court room scene in Act IV and the outset scene of Act V which takes spot on a starlit, romantic night in Belmont. Venice could also be a sort of a disguise for London. Venice is poised between Christians on one hand whose predacious practices do not match up with their protestations against usury and Jews on the other whose dealings rest on the recur pillars of expediency and Levitical uprightness Shylocks attitude to money is contrasted with that of the Christians.Merchant Of Venice - Plot Structure Free Merchant of Venice Essays Show how the plot of The Merchant of Venice is apparently fanciful but in reality exactingly structured.The Merchant of Venice is a fairy tale. There is no more reality in Shylocks bond and the Lord of Belmonts will than in Jack and the Beanstalk.H. Granville-Barker, in Prefaces to Shakespeare. This is one way of looking at the play, reading it or enjoying the per formance. But it can be a contradiction to our actual feelings about this complex play. The Merchant of Venice might appear to be a romantic tale without much logic but that would be a superficial interpretation. Portias father may have raised our concerns in taking away her freedom to choose her beloved Shylocks bond and those conditions may violate most legal codes but the way the play moves takes one beyond these doubts and objections. In The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare creates an interesting contrast between the mercantile and tumultuous city of Venice and the peaceful and gracious world of Belmont. The striking difference between these two settings helps to capture and maintain our attention. There are differences in the value of systems of the people belonging to the two different cities. The contrast between Venice and Belmont is that one place is where money is made and the other where it is spent. One is characterised by light and sunshine and the other by moonlight and music. Wealth is described in almost sensuous terms like when Salerio saystouching but my gentle vessels sideEnrobe the roaring waters with my silks.And in an ironic way later love is talked about in commercial terms. Another contrast is presented when the scenes shift from Venice to Belmont. When we hear of Shylocks hatred and his terms of the bond, our anxiety builds. But then the play moves on to Belmont and the mood shifts from a sort of harshness and tension to a world of romance and graciousness. The most striking contrast is between the court room scene in Act IV and the opening scene of Act V which takes place on a starlit, romantic night in Belmont. Venice could also be a sort of a disguise for London. Venice is poised between Christians on one hand whose acquisitive practices do not match up with their protestations against usury and Jews on the other whose dealings rest on the double pillars of expediency and Levitical Law Shylocks attitude to money is contrasted with tha t of the Christians.

Bermuda Triangle as a Mythical Geographic Area Essay -- Bermuda Triang

Bermuda triplicity as a Mythical Geographic AreaThe Bermuda triangle is a mythical geographic ara. It is acceptd to extend from the tip of Florida to Bermuda and to Puerto Rico. Over 100 planes and transfers pass on disappe ared in the digest century. thither are many theories about what competency cause the disappearances of theses get offs and planes. Scientist assimilate come to believe that the most possible possible action has something to do with the climate change such as tsunamis, hurricanes or pelters. The former(a) theory is that the range of a functiones point to the True North and not the Magnetic North. There are other less give carely theories solely it depends on whether a person believes or not. There is also the theory that Atlantis might have sunk where the Bermuda triangle is located and that the Atlanteans technology is so advanced that they are disintegrating our ships and planes. People think that the aliens have chosen certain spots to sneak rac e and do experiments on. Scientist also believe that the Bermuda triplicity might be something like a black hole which takes people to a contrastive proportion or a time color.Scientist have come to believe that when the ships and airplanes fly through the triangle that a hurricane, tsunami or a waterspout might have swallowed the ships. There have been a few generation where empty and intact ships have washed ashore but the solo thing found was either a dog or cat, but no humans whatsoever. Waterspouts might spin up to a facilitate of 150 MPH but they usually wont last longer than 10 minutes. Yet these waterspouts have the power rip ships in half and destroy airplanes. Tsunamis can reach speeds of 600 MPH and reach senior high school of 100 feet. The possibility of a tsunami be responsible for the disappearances is low because tsunamis are usually visible on land. Hurricanes can swallow a ship but its not usual for it to swallow an airplane. A ship being swallowed possible b ut the problem is if they in fact really do get destroyed what happens to the remains of the ships and the people? This leaves many scientist befuddle if climate changes are responsible for the disappearances then why havent any remains been found.The next theory is that when the compasses are in a certain place on earth such as the Bermuda Triangle they point to the truth north instead of the magnetic north like normal. This causes many ships and airplanes to go many miles away from wher... ... a time warp and cannot get out, or they might have entered another dimension. If this is what is happening to the people in ships and planes maybe thats why there are no remains they might have moved to another unknown dimension or might be stuck in a time warp.In Conclusion I believe that the best explanation is that these airplanes and ships are being misdirected because of the true north versus the magnetic north theory. Maybe the ships and planes become deviated because of their compas s that they become lost and the weather just is not easy to buy the farm in so they are never found. They other possibility is that they go so deep into the ocean that its hard for them to go anywhere because their compasses do not work. This is what I think because of the research that I have done.BibliographyBerlitz, Charles (1974) The Bermuda Triangle an Incredible Saga of Unexplained Disappearances. New York Doubleday & Company Inc.Gaffron, Norma (1988) The Bermuda Triangle Great Mysteries contend Viewpoints. Minnesota Greenhaven Press Inc.Kusche, Lawrence David. (1975) The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. New York Harper & haggling Publishers Inc.www.bermuda-triangle.org

William Lloyd Garrison :: essays research papers

William Lloyd place Uncompromise During Times of compromiseWilliam Lloyd place (1805-1879) was an American journalist and adamant abolitionist. Garrison became famous in the 1830s for his uncompromising denunciations of slavery.Garrison lived a troubled childhood. His family lived in poverty. In addition, his bring was a drunkard, and when Garrison was three years old, his father deserted his family and neer came back. Thus, with the absence of an encouraging father figure in his life, Garrison would exploit to gain recognition elsewhere.Effected by the Second Great Awakening, Garrison developed into an extremely thoughtful and religious man. Garrison believed that slavery was a sin and was an injustice. In 1831, he began publishing the Liberator, an influential newspaper that vehemently aroused violent public reaction in both the trades union and the South. However, the abolitionists of Garrisons time were a minority. The Liberator, published until 1865, never had more than 3 ,000 subscribers, and it never make a profit. Thus, it is fair to say that Garrisons goal was not to become enough through this publication.Garrison used his religious, abolitionist views to elevate himself into renown. He cute lot to hear his views. In response to his abolitionist causes, Garrison proclaimed, I am in earnest&8212and I will not equivocate&8212I will not excuse&8212I will not adjourn a single inch&8212and I will be heard.Garrison enlightened Americans with his altruistic sensibilities, but his motives were not altruistic. He wanted people to side with him, but he did not offer any medicine to ease the wounds of racial tension. His armies of allies grew, but this was gradual. Nevertheless, with no real suggestions on how the slavery issue could be resolved, he accepted the Civil state of war as necessary.