Julias Food Booth case problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Julias Food Booth case problem - Essay Example arrested development with figures and data has led to the development of these methods and they are applied in multiple fields from applied physics to management sciences (Chen & Wang, 1997).Julia Robertson faces a ch in allenge of knowing the probable number of units she should sell before making a profit of $1000. She is planning to sell one piece of hot dog and pizza for $1.50 while, she is looking to pitch barbecue sandwich for $2.25 and her total budget is $1500. The pizza, hotdog and sandwich will cost her $0.75, $0.45 and $0.90 respectively. Following is the tentative linear model that will be applied in order to determine the number of units of distributively merchandise type that should be sold to make 1000 bucks in each game.According to the results obtained by running a solver Add in in Excel, it was found that Julia is required to sell 100,000 units of all merchandise before she can think about earning 1000 bucks. The goal of Julia is full too with child(p) for a business of vending edible products during a football match. The audience is exhalation to be just more than the target number of customers and therefore, the opening of a booth will be a regretful endeavor to say the least. The competition which Julias booth will be facing is also going to be immense in nature because Tech Athletic Department will also be selling drinks and food items in the stadium. The customers shall prefer to purchase items from the same install rather than wandering rough seeking stalls of different natures (Baron & Tang, 2011). The Tech manages matches as events and it can be understandable that they must behave obtained substantial sponsorships. The provision of food items is not a proper business but it is provided out of sponsors money. So opening a booth in order to sell food items is not a operable business venture and Julia will be better off if she decides to knock the idea off from the tabulate and sea rch other options of financing for her studies.Julias consideration for taking loan from

ENV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENV - strive ExampleEnvironmental befoulment results to undesirable changes and conditions for all the organisms in the ecosystem and this comes with effects that are more unfavorable to life systems in general.The environment is also divided into components whichare affected by pollutionand they embroil the air, soil and urinethisgives rise to the various types of pollution namely air, soil and water pollution. Pollutants are introduced in the environment as byproducts of human activities such as industrialization, deforestation and farming- these activities release harmful residues into the environment thusly causing pollution. For instance, farmers apply pesticides for purposes of boosting Agricultural outputs on their farms, but this often persists to pollution as the pesticides always notice their way into the air, water and soil resulting to contamination. In this regard, pesticides contribute to air pollution, water pollution and soil pollutionthereby destabilizing the natural equilibrium in the ecosystem.In the course of applying pesticides to crops, they may drift through repeal into other unintended areas, contaminating the air, and this affects life systems, which may encounter the residues of pesticides. Organisms for instance may ingest the pesticide residues that come to on food or by breathing the particles suspended in air. Pesticides find their way into water systems by a number of ways such as leaching through the soil they may be carried through runoff water or eroding soil (Pimentel et.al 818), and they may accidentally swill into waterways.Pesticides that leach into ground water sources lead to contamination- organisms that use such contaminated waterare at a risk of ingesting the pesticide residues in it, and this causes health problems (Singh et.al 96). Concerning soil pollution, continuous excessive use of pesticides may lead to

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Final exam - Essay ExampleGrand nursing theories are broadest in kitchen range and, therefore, present general propositions and concepts. Mid-range theories act as bridges between grand and nursing practice theories. They cave in narrower arenas and offer effective concepts. Nursing practice theories, on the other hand, offer the most limited scope and strive to address the specific issues in nursing.The three types of theories differ in their application of grand and mid-range theories proving serviceable in nursing researches thus contributing to the development of knowledge in the practice. Nursing practice scheme offers reliable ways of handling situations by specifying the conduct of nurses and their relationships with the patients in order to enhance the recovery of the patient. contempt the above differences, the theories have a number of similarities given the fact that they enjoy immense relations. The three types of theories put out a nurses understanding of the prac tice thereby improving professionalism. They all provide objective ways of analyzing different categories of challenges that nurses encounter in their practice thus improving the productivity of the nurses (Kim & Kollak, 2006).In his possibleness entitled, The helping art of clinical nursing Ernestine Wiedenbach asserts that helping process should meet the needs of the patient by individualizing the care (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2011). After observing Mary for a while, it becomes evident that she suffers from depression. Mary has a relentless olfactory sensation of loneliness, helplessness, and hopelessness that proves her depressed condition. Her condition is unique and, therefore, requires the type of individualized care that Ernestine Wiedenbach describes. Her environment enhances her depression. As such, I will rede Mary to join social groups and engage in activities of the group. Additionally, I will advise Mary to get a house help who will help provide her

Week 1 discussion questions-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 1 discussion questions-Marketing - Essay ExampleFor instance, if a company is attempting to increase its sales volume on its hairspray line, the company moldiness understand what makes the customer urgency their brand over the competition. If a noticeable trend exists which indicates that consumers have stopped buying a firms product, they must understand what factors (both internal and external) have created this sales slump. Are consumers not buying because they believe their friends have all of a sudden begun demanding high dollar hair products? These are important factors to consider, as a company must routinely monitor trends in buying behavior to provide a product which consumers will adopt.Competitive techniques to aggregation to sophisticated customers include visually appealing, contemporary promotional advertisements and continuous monitoring of various trends in consumption. exploitation modern appeal, such as advertising on portable technology and the internet, a re attempts to capture change magnitude interest in complex markets.2. What are three aspects of your lifestyle that are different than your parents lifestyle? What touch on does this difference have on the strategies organizations use to market to you compared to your parents?The primary difference in lifestyle would be of the methods by which we socialize and view our friendships. My parents are more traditional in their viewpoint regarding what constitutes a part relationship, believing in the comfort of long-term acquaintances. In opposite respect, I tend to be more spontaneous, willing to make many new friends in the pursuit of finding more excitement through social activities.An additional difference includes my current financial situation, which is substantially lower than that of my parents. Further, my parents are more laid-back, guinea pig with a lifestyle consisting of the majority of their time spent at home. In opposite respect, I wassail a more active

Jackie O concert review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jackie O concert review - Essay ExampleKennedy, belcher played Andy Warhol, Stephanie played Maria Callas and Joyce played Grace Kelly.The compositions check to the concert were twenty five. It however starts with an overture of Jackies song. It is played with a violin which leads to the number 1 of the concert. The name then goes on to the different compositions and then ends with bows and credits. The main list of compositions includes the following3. Describe one or more musical elements that you recognize in the compositions. Identify the air period (If you are unaware what the style is, look up the composer and compare it to the period discussed in the book). The dates will often appear in the program. comment any instrument that stands taboo and explain whyIn the composition, there is the use of the cello mostly. It stands out for me as it brings out the melancholy. It is played solo and it gives voice to Jackies song that is without voice in the beginning and enables one to understand the mood of the song and the opera.Other instruments used in the composition include, the piano, percussion, clarinet, the cello, a drum, saxophone, horn, trumpet, acoustic guitar, a bassoon, harp, trombone, tuba, strings and the flute. The style period is regarded as an opera because it is a series of many acts and compositions passim the concert. Others may also call it a song cycle because of the different compositions in it.The concert is right of life. The performances bring much meaning to the titles and compositions of each of them. The costumes by the performances and the voices bring out melodies that create great symphony with the instruments. Each role of every performer is very well illustrated to bring out the stories of the opera tally to Daugherty. The life presented for Jackie O is a flow of both joy and sadness. The opera brings out emotion that is illustrated so importantly in the songs and in the

The cola market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The pinhead grocery - Essay ExampleAs a advanced entrant in the commercialise, Red shites reaping for its new cola will only aim to cater and serve certain shares of the market. In order to know the market well, Red Bull has to department its market carefully in order to assess which market segment should be chosen.The Red Bull brand has been associated with various lifestyles in the functional segment of the beverage market in the UK. Because of this existing association which is rooted from the lifestyle segment of the market, Red Bulls new product can also use the lifestyle or psychographic segmentation for the cola market.According to Tom Duncan in his book Principles of Advertising and IMC, he defines psychographics as measures that classify customers in terms of their attitudes, interests, and opinions as well as their lifestyle activities. Since the Red Bull brand is positioned using the lifestyle segmentation of the market, the entry of its new product in the cola mar ket can use the lifestyle segmentation as well in order to make its product successful.The segment for the functional beverages has increased over the years due to the maturement population of UK, as well as the shift to the more health-conscious products. With this, Red Bull has capitalized on the health-conscious segment of the market which looks for regenerative and rejuvenating properties.This strategic segment of the health-conscious group of consumers, according to Mad.co.uk (2008) will be entered by Red Bull with a head to head on-trade with Pepsicos Pepsi Raw.

Black Feminism and The Beyonce Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Black Feminism and The Beyonce Wars - Essay ExampleThe first article Ugly Internal hit Why Its Future Is Not Up To White Women duologue about feminism especially for grim women and how they can form a gender inclusive group to deal with racism, sexual harassment, and work divergence against women. The article provides a name that helps women to describe the issues they go through during discrimination Brittney (Cooper 2015). Feminism is the name, and it helps many women to talk of their issues without language challenges. Black women use the internet feminism to air their troubles and discuss the discrimination that they experience. The women also dribble their power through it phenomena that make the white women extremely uncomfortable. The authors opinion is that the future of feminism should not be left with the white women as most of the issues center around gender equality. For white women, equality was achieved a long time ago, but for the black women, it is still a big issue. Most of the black women in the US do not fully access slightly of the benefits, such as the Obamacare in some states (Cooper 2015). Understanding feminist and black women oppression will help women fight for their rights in foreign countries, such s the United States.The second article Black Feminist Blogger Speaks The Truth by Goldstein, Rich talks about how important issues contributed by black women in the media get ignored by many readers and viewers. The writer focuses on blogs on issues of life for black women instead of centre on wealthy and glamorous women in power (Goldstein 2015). According to the blog, there are many interesting things about black women, such as their unique talents, although there are few people who recognize them. Racism is real and classifies women according to their fanny of origin, and the blog help many to have some attention on racism, sexism, and ableism. The writer admires the work of Beyonce for focusing on feminism, especially the on e touching on black women. Black women

Crime Control Policy Transfer from the US to the UK Essay

Crime Control insurance Transfer from the US to the UK - Essay ExampleThe closing section will then attempt to add together the study before making an overall conclusion on these findings. Moreover, the work of previous authors will be used as sources to back up assumptions and to formulate arguments throughout the entirety of the case study.In Britain, young years keep back seen a particular spotlight put upon the perceived influence of developments in the ground forces over domestic public policies, an occurrence not only related to Conservative administrations, but much and more more associated with developments under New Labor. It has also been argued that the Blair-led Labor Party used to look across the Atlantic for ingestion and not across the Channel (Marquand, 1996). These particular facts will be used as the core of the study, as wellspring as for its justification.This case study will attempt to examine one particular example of insurance policy transfer in the re latively under investigated area of crime control policy, together with the emergence of the estimate of zero control in the UK. It will briefly look at the concept of crime control policy transfer, and more particularly, at where this appears to have occurred between the US and the UK over the past decade. It will also analyse the ontogeny of the idea of zero tolerance in the US before offering some suggestions on the processes that have underpinned the transfer of its most recent manifestation to the UK.Crime control policy was chosen a

Business Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Business Function - Essay eccentricA commercial enterprise entity chosen should also draw from how much personal liability is involved and the enterprisers ability to raise the capital required to begin the personal line of credit because each entity requires a reliable amount of initial capital.The various types of business include, the furbish up trader or proprietorship and partnership, which fall downstairs the un co-ordinated firms and the private limited company and the public limited company that are under the incorporated firms category. With this, this essay will delve into the different types of businesses and their definitions and will also describe the three different types of business ownership with examples where possible. Lastly, the essay will further focus on the factors that should be considered by an entrepreneur when kickoff a business.Ideally, determining the type of business structure that an entrepreneur should choose draws from the way in which the ch osen organization will meet his/her needs. Additionally, the type of business structure that an entrepreneur chooses depends on whether they want to stretch forth the same on their own or with the help of partners and associates. The three main business types, namely fix proprietorship, corporations and partnerships are discussed below. In essence, the sole trader type of business is the simplest of the three as it is easy to pop up and does not require too much paperwork while in partnership business form, ownership is dual-lane between partners that contribute towards the start of a business based on a common business idea that they might have had. Incorporation is the other business structure where a business becomes a legal entity in which the shareholders of the same do not become legally liable for the activities, debts, or responsibilities of the corporation.The sole trader type of business is the simplest of the three as it is

NEW HAIR PRODUCT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NEW HAIR PRODUCT - Essay ExampleMarketing scheme. Initially ARG Hairs Group valued Hair Softe to be carried by supermarkets in UK and Ireland. ARG Hairs Group also plans to open a caller website wherein future customers can order the product on line. A separate study on the marketing strategy is being prepared to initialize the campaign.Production capability. Hair Softe Shampoo is a commodity item that is salable for both men and women, and a target of 24,000 ml units of shampoo monthly could easily be change in the UK market. It has a end product capacity of 1,000 ml. units per day, but has the capability to improver future production.Investment plan. An enthronement of $150,000 and equity capital of ARG Hairs Group are needed to launch the product in the market. Owners capital is $65,000.00 small-arm investors will have to provide $150,000 in form of stock equity.1. The return on the equity of the proprietor is 9% on the first year of operation. The 9% return on investment is higher than the rule bank rate of interest in UK which is 0.5%. UK interest rate is expected to remain at the modern level because of the governments monetary policy. (Bank of England, 2011) Monetary Policy Decisions. (http//www.bankofengland.co.uk/)2. The notes flow didactics of the company prepared for a 12 month operation shows that for the first three months there is a dearth of cash inflow to sustain all the expenses of the company and there is a need for an outside financial backing for its day to day operations because of capital expenses during these months. Thereafter, after March, company will have available cash to pay for its loan obligations, taxes and interest and to pay for equity. The cash flow has been prepared based on the 1,000 ml. units of production per day and operations of 24 days in a month. Sales are expected to increase by 5% a month, and profit is also anticipated along the operations.The cash flow statement present all the cash expected to be

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Ethics - testify ExampleRawlss argument that we should maximin instead of maximize leads to a fascinating standoff, whereby the argument for maximin appeargond not compelling, scarce it was straight additive maximization of utilitarian in a way that revealed the possible function associated with ethical motive that bulk are expected to maximize. In fact, according to Rawls, the utilitarianism is not straight based on fetching maximandum, which refers to the things that are to be maximized that is utility instead of the primary mixer goods. Moreover, the idea of maximizing the key social goods is not appealing, since it fails to pursue the maximization of utility. Therefore, the espousal of the ideal legitimacy in political Liberalism does not ingest an effect on the conclusions and arguments that are developed to reinforce the ideal with respect to justice as impartiality in utilitarianism and Rawlsian theories (Arneson, 2000). There is another problem with the utilitarianism, which is associated with the tenuous association with liberalism, whereby in prominent situations of aggregate goods of numerous, people outweigh the few individuals. Moreover, utilitarianism appears to be committed to the majority over the minority, and it seems to be unfair or violating the original rights and liberties. Therefore, utilitarianism retort is unfair since the mere handovers from outdated and pernicious moral conversions. On the other hand, Rawlss arguments are in the first part, whereby he focuses on the conflicts between utilitarianism and peoples beliefs concerning justice and fairness. In fact, he provides diagnosis, which is unflattering in order to appeal to utilitarianism. Therefore, utilitarianism may seem to be appealing by pickings over the model of termination-making that individuals make relating to their lives. However, there is a significant difficulty associated with implementing the model in a auberge with people suffering from sacrifice, whereby t hey are denied the pass off to obtain the benefits. In this case, the official arguments, in the parties in the original state prefer the Rawlsian Maximin Principle, by turning the choice between rules related to making the decision under uncertain circumstance of maximizing expected utility instead of maximin. The formal argument of the Rawlss assertion is supported by the psychological arguments related to parties in the original state that prefers the principles. In fact, ideas of psychological arguments related to Rawlss principles do not have limitations of the strains of commitment, like utilitarianism. Moreover, Rawls maintains that people growing in a society governed by principles Rawlss principles, they would end up valuing the principles and complying with them. Rawlss principles are concerned with the worst off, whereby the society is committed to the well being of the well off. However, this is not the case with the utilitarianism, whereby it is easier to have the alle giance to a society, which is governed Rawlss principles, compared to the society governed by utilitarianism. Making a comparison between the Rawls principles with the maximin rule and utilitarianism, there is a chance of utilitarianism given

Elements influencing Robustness of the research Essay

Elements influencing Robustness of the research - Essay ExampleThese were the elements influencing the cogency of the research thus, are critiqued together with the elements influencing the credibleness of the research. In the study of Stark, Craig and Miller in 2011, the target population has been clearly identified and consisted of 10 estimable Caucasian females aged 21 to 39 years, who were not pregnant or lactating, and did not use baccy or caffeine within 2 hours of testing (76). Samples were selected by placing flyers around the university and by word of mouth. The lineament of sampling is non-probability in nature, particularly convenience sampling because the researchers utilise the most conveniently available concourse as study participants. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were clearly identified as the study involved parental choice, uncomplicated gestation of at least 37 weeks and no more than 41 weeks, and uncomplicated struggle as inclusion criteria while e xclusion criteria included mobility problems that limit entrance and exit from the shower. The author believed that the pattern size is too small and not adequate enough to produce accurate and representative standards. honest considerations were also included in the study. Ethical permission was granted for the study by the universitys institutional review board. ... Concepts such as showering, pain, labor, and suffering are were clearly defined, as well as the hurt and theory. Researchers ensured that reader understands what is meant by the terms, concepts, and theory used in the study. In the methodology section, four areas were critiqued research design, selective information accumulation, instrument design, and validity and reliability. The research design has not been clearly identified but based on the description, it is experimental in nature due to utilization of an intervention design with pilot testing. Data collection includes observation of physiologic variables du ring showering. It was appropriate and clearly described. Instrument design includes single-group, repeated-measures design to test the intervention with non-pregnant women of childbearing age and to allow frequent evaluation of participants before, during, and after a therapeutic shower. Results were discussed. As stated earlier, in that respect was a pilot study undertaken. Reliability and validity testing are not mentioned in the study. soft Study The qualitative study entitled Suicide Notes among Native Americans, Hispanics and Anglos by Olson, Wahab, Thompson and Durrant (2011) was critiqued in terms of sample and ethical considerations. Just like critiquing a quantitative study, sample and ethical considerations are some of the elements influencing robustness of the study. The sampling method and sample size have been identified. A maximum variation sampling was used as sampling method to investigate the differences and similarities in suicide notes among Native Americans, Hispanics and Anglos. A total of 69 suicide notes as sample size were included in the study. Although sample size was small, this is not

A. Critically assess why organisations should implement supportive Essay

A. Critically assess wherefore organisations should implement supportive life management practices - Essay ExampleWith more internal and external pressures to bear client oriented services, professionals and organizations alike are increasingly pushed either to perform or face the ax of competitive market forces. Both the respective(prenominal) and the organization are all sailing in an great(p) climate of taking responsibility for flight management and development. Practitioners and researchers are in agreement that effective career management strategies are essential resources for organizational and individual growth prospects. Even though interest in the long-term growth may seem to be a shared objective of both individual employees and their employers, the key to a sustainable success remains the maintenance of sharp skills, which is largely the responsibility of the individual. The motto of working for an employer for a lifetime with career prospects of moving up the lad der seems to be a outside antique memory. In response to the new workplace dynamics, organizational management in the 21st atomic number 6 strives to reward quality services. In this regard, therefore, a working world characterized by globalized outsourcing, reorganization, contract labor, streamlining and downsizing has been adoptive to curb escalating costs. As such, those entering the job market can, thus, be expected to have dynamic careers with the office to serve clients in different organizations during a work life estimated to last for 4050 years. ... dapple self-management is an important element of individual independence, it takes a self-activated attitudinal shift to cultivate reliance on oneself from the dictatorial organizational career management systems (Arnold, 1997). Critical self-analysis with a view to discovering inner, hidden talents, unexploited capabilities and career ambitions not only helps the individual to map out a concrete action plan but in like m anner creates the impetus towards the realization of ones own desires (Sturges et al., 2000). Precisely, career self-assessment helps in developing more fill out ideas on desired goals and how to achieve such aspirations. Contributing to the same subject of career development, Seibert, Kraimer and Crant (2001) are as well in agreement that individual career self-management has an immense contributory effect on improving employee outcomes as well as the general success of ones career. Accordingly, personal initiatives such as career oriented feedback from colleagues provide a more satisfying level of carrier progress via identification of precise areas that require improvement. Notably, those active in monitoring and managing their career development are more likely to act in informative career conversations to illuminate paths that better serve to accomplish personal aspirations (Schein, 1993). Indeed, self-assessment through feedback from colleagues informs a deeper understandi ng of oneself on certain fundamental internal career prospects which, in turn, enhance commitment to a more delivering career. Research into a more satisfying work life indicates that personal careers are about productive when employers goals are met (Sturges et al., 2000). Certainly, nothing would be more satisfying than knowing that preset targets

Church Reformation in the 16th and 17th century Research Paper

Church reclamation in the 16th and seventeenth century - Research Paper ExampleThis group rejected to decease the previous ways thus believed that the Judgment Day was near. They formed new societies and much confusion in the social order. The reformation contributed to issues such as the dead of the blacks, western rupture and eroding faith of pile in the catholic church servicees. The fall of the Roman emperor contributed to the reformation and circulation of protestant churches. Under the Roman Emperor Christianity spread and many churches evolved. The Roman Catholic Church, which became one of the most prominent churches to the councils evolved. It organized in Trent, which is an command centre for church teachings especially in the tradition and scripture issues. Council of the Trent is a convention of cathedral councils or theological professionals whose purpose is to resolve church policy matters or practices. The councils provide teaching programs for the community pries ts in order to augment pastoral care. This was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church under Pope capital of Minnesota 1112 (Becchio and Johannes 98). The council of the Tent provided teachings, reasserted traditional practices and articulated dogmatic of the Catholic Church doctrines. These doctrines include the seven sacraments, celibacy, belief of victorious wine and bread during the mass services, which they translated as the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Other doctrines included hero-worship of remnants and saints whom they referred as the Holy Virgin Mary. Others included the significant of having faith and working towards achieving salvation. Moreover, the ecumenical councils of the Roman Catholic Church made a significant reform on dogmatic issues in the 16th and 17th century. The transformation known as the catholic reformation was the restoration era for the Catholics and it began with the Council of Trent. Some scholars consider the council of Trent as being responsibl e for Protestant Reformation. They laid strict issues, which the protestant minster nearly disputed. Pope Paul 111 ameliorate the Roman Catholicism in many European areas. In the first period of the Roman Catholicism, they church accepted the 3Nicene Creed as the basis for the catholic conviction (Queen, Pr early(a)o and Shattuck 76). They set the old and New testament canons and fixed seven sacraments. However, this dogmatic ruled out the doctrines of Martin Luthers beliefs of faith jurisdiction. The general council established the transmutation of doctrines and offered Episcopal authority verdict and other doctrine issues. However, many issues that contributed to protestant reformation started disappearing, and the church began to tame many of its followers by the end of the 16th century. The council of the Trent focused so much on teaching method of the clergy because of varied reasons. First, they wanted to eradicate the mistreatments of the 4Catholic cathedral such as alms treats in order to advance the favourable position of bishops. This was seen essential to the Catholics because they protestant churches criticized their teachings. Hence, they emphasized on the importance of the church teachings and created new rules that clergies were to follow. They followed the teachings of Martin Luther and Calvin and rejected any other reformation leaders. The council of Trent played considerable roles in renewing the catholic cathedral5 of Europe

Performance Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Performance Management - Assignment ExampleJob verbal description is a statement of the overall purpose and scope of a commerce together with its details of a task and duties. It is a written statement of what the employee does how he does it and what the job working conditions are. In general, a job description sets out the purpose of the job where it fits into the organization structure, the context in which the job holds a serve and the principles of the job accountability of the jobholder. The content includes Job identification, job summary, responsibilities, standard of commitance and job specification (Said & Munap, 2010).The retail rung shall achieve optimum sales profitability, business growth and accounts penetration within a grocery store segment or territory by selling the products of the retail shop effectively. The retail sale staff shall secure as well as contact customers and new business accounts in the market.The organizational demeanour management (OBM) invo lves the application of the science of human behaviour. OBM relates to the behaviour of people in a workplace, in addition, OBM is maneuver by a theory of human behaviour that is emphasised on identification and modification of environmental factors that affect employees performance. OBM is anchored in the work of B.F Skinner who postulated that an employees behaviour is inferred by his needs. In that, an employee may perform poorly in work because of poor job satisfaction or reduced rewards when he makes untold profit to a company. Therefore, the OBM process identifies behaviours related to performance, study their instances and occurrences, identifies the major triggers, come up with interventions strategy, applies the postulated strategy and maintains the best performance through appropriate rewards to the employees. OBM embraces a three contingency model that is antecedent-behaviour-consequence.An antecedent is the stimulus that precedes behaviour and encourages the practice of that behaviour.

Marketing Research on Reynolds Pen Essay Example for Free

marketing Research on Reynolds Pen EssayWe argon deeply indebted to Ms. Malvika Mago for her constant backing thinksing and inspiration in completion of the program and preparation of this document. Our sincere thanks for giving me invaluable suggestion. We are also grateful to other employee of reynolds pen for their encour senescement and help. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to reynolds for giving us an opportunity to complete our project. last but not the least we would like to thank our parents and friends for their moral support throughout the project. Pens introduced to India, international quality write instruments, and marketed them under the brand name Reynolds. It was also he outset company to build a brand in a category that be selectd more like a commodity till then. Over the last 20 years, G. M. Pens has invested substantially in building a epic manufacturing base with facilities in Chennai and Pondicherry. A state of the art RD facility, one o f the most sophisticated in the Reynolds family worldwide, has ensured that the a la mode(p) in writing technology is available to the Indian consumers. G.M. Pens offers the widest range of writing instruments and accessories in the Indian market. A variety of writing instruments including ball pens, gel pens, fountain ens, mechanical pencils, markers, handy boards and childrens colouring pens that cater to consumers from the age group of six to sixty are marketed under the brand name Reynolds. A continuous focus on consistent quality and a constant endeavour to provide quality products at cheap prices make believe ensured that Reynolds has been the numero uno in the Indian writing instruments market.A substantial investment has also been made in establishing the Reynolds brand name through the mass media, especially through television and press ads, in an causal agency to convert the category from a commodity to a brand dominated one. The companys products are available in three hundred thousand retail outlets across India covered through a network consisting of 1800 redistribution stockiest and 27 main stockiest. This is facilitated by a gross sales and marketing team of over 300 professionals.Established in 1927 at la Ferte-Milon in France, Reynolds has over the past eight decades been a leader in writing instruments in Europe and the rest of the world. In 1946, the headquarters and factory were shifted to Valence, in the south of France. The company is headquartered at Valence till date. With 450 employees, Reynolds, France has a daily production of 4 million writing instruments. Of this, exports account for 50% of sales. It has a worldwide market presence in 80 countries around the globe.Reynolds has 12 of its own manufacturing units conventional in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The year 1999 was a landmark year in the history of Reynolds. Since then it has been a member company of Sanford Corporation, USA. Sanford is a US $ 1. 2 billion company. Sanford is in turn the writing instruments division of the US $ 7 billion Newell Rubbermaid group. Sanford has the broadest range of writing, arking, coloring and drawing products worldwide.The main object glass of our project is to bop why the sales of Reynolds pen puzzle declined so drastically and what are the reasons coffin nail this .To know reasons behind this we did exploratory explore to know- Why the consumers have switched to other company products. What is the defect in product. 0 treasure the current market share of Reynolds pen. 0 Is there any problem in design of pen. 0 Is there any problem in creating awareness about product The factors which are affecting our look for design are Qualitative and Quantitative actors. To know this we will conduct Qualitative research setoff because we want to know why the sales of Reynolds pen has been declining and secondly we will conduct Quantitative research to know what are the reasons behind this.The type of research used for our study was an exploratory research, as the objective of the research was to have in depth understanding what are the reasons why the sales of Reynolds pen has been declining infinitely . We have started our research.However we covered a specific list of topics and sub areas. This was done in the influence of close ended question, where the timing, exact wording and time allocated to each question area was left at the interviewers. Since the research was qualitative as well as quantitative more emphasis has to be tending(p) while collecting data. Discretion open structure ensured that inspected facts or data could peruse easily. Mode of Interviewing In research we have done face to face interview Sampling- It consists of primary data and secondary coil data.Primary data was collected by applying probability. Under Non-probability we will use Convenience Sampling because we have to collect data from college going students . Where as secondary data was obtained by seeing pa st sales records of Reynolds pen, magazines, newspapers and by various other methods. Sample size- We have selected sample of 100 college going students . We have kept our sample size small so that we may collect data accurately with precession. If we would have elected large sample size it would have become difficult for us to collect data.

Competency in Information and Technology Literacy Essay Example for Free

Competency in Information and Technology Literacy EssayThe dynamic changes in information applied science has advocated for absorbs highly qualified in treat informatics. This paper discusses some barricades allied to the employment of essential Nursing Informatics competencies into undergraduate nursing websites. Introduction Information Literacy is the set of skills needed to discover, repossess, evaluate, and use information. The Changes in information technology ready direct to new changes in the way nurses operate on patients. These nurses have to undergo various competencies. This paper discusses the changes and the need competencies. Discussion Information literacy is important in the nursing researches and practical working with the nursing informatics equipment. It is not just for students to learn but for practicing nurses and other healthcare practiti hotshotrs as well. The practice of nursing in which the nurse makes medical decisivenesss based on the best exist ing research proof, his or her own clinical expertise, and the unavoidably and inclinations of the patient is referred to as evident based nursing. The nurses should learn to practice Information system to design and go for their healthcare information.For instance, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant or Patient Data) could allow nursing scholars to access various decision support systems that would offer them with professional guidance relating to specific care and treatment matters at their patients bedsides. There are various sources where one go off learn or so information literacy and find ideas ab out(a) relationship between them. These include the website, libraries, journals, electronic full-text for nursing, that is, books, journals, virtual libraries, other articles and databases.To evaluating a website containing medical records, determine the website last discover the website objectives website content description, evaluation questions, sources of evaluation data, meth ods of data collection. The measurings performed are performed systematically. First and foremost, find out if the results have been reproduced in other research laboratory or by other scholars. Next step involves an attempt to conclude the studys credibility.Look keenly at the material of study that is, if investigators basically compare two sets of topics or did they just make bservations? If a control was used were the group results alike(p)? Evaluate the criteria used to conclude this study. Consider the modification and duration of the study. The next step is to look at the conclusions. Consider if they are warranted by the evidence. If one cant find useful solutions in the website, wherefore it is time to address some questions like does one have to take illegalized results? How does one know that the mathematical product in question is the right one? If the product is or could be the right one, then, what guarantees this?Moreover one must to know more information on the product. Any information that is relevant should be interpreted into account. If the person still decides to take the product, he or she should be sure to tell the doctor who can make observation on the side effect about the product. Conclusion Nursing informatics is actually important in todays dynamic technological application. It is very important for nursing professionals to have the knowledge of nursing informatics as this will help them to participate fully in the technology enabled nursing.

The adversarial system in England and Wales Essay Example for Free

The adversarial system in England and Wales EssayThe adversarial system of law involves a prosecutor defending his/ her clients in the court of law in the presence of a jury. The jurys role is to make decisions that bequeath be used in passing the denounce. In this system, the lawyers determine the rulings that are passed. Lawyers play a cardinal role in presenting each sides cocktail dress (Mallenson 11). This is because their intelligence in solving disputes allow determine the sentence passed. Therefore, justice testament be served when a prosecutor convinces both the judge and the jury that their defendant is innocent. The incriminate is not mandated to fertilize render but should they choose to defend themselves, they will be cross examined by both parties. In England, the adversarial system is overly institutionalised. The prosecutor has to convince the jury beyond reasonable un reliableness that the accused committed the crime. The rule of law entails that the la w enforcement agents can only make decisions and exercise their duties when as the law suggests. The rules of revealing evidence are developed based on the laws of England and Wales.The rules in this case give the judge limited power. Hence the roles played by judges in the adversarial system are passive since their duties are to en convinced(predicate) that both parties comply with the court rules and they will give direction on the agency forward when disputes arise. The adversarial system, the rules of evidence are strict and the stand of prosecutors should be based on facts. For this reason, the cases are sanitary prepared as prosecutors conduct intensive and extensive investigation prior to the court proceedings.The jury is as well as supposed to be impartial such that they represent what they consider as the truth so as to enable justice to be served. The adversarial system ensures fair trial as the state is not non-white against the defendant. Key principles which govern the behaviour of advocates for the prosecution and the defence For advocates to perform well there are certain principles which they must follow. The happen upon principles are the Expediency principle and the legality principles.The expediency principle also called luck principle which ensures that prosecutors need to be well disciplined and discrete so that they can represent the defendants impartially. This mean that they are not supposed to handle cases just because they pass on been presented to the courts but because they want to bring some change and help justice take its course. The legality principle ensures that prosecutors watch enough, reliable and valid evidence especially in the early stages. Moreover, the prosecutor is not supposed to be influenced by outside forces (Fionda 8).The key principles are father enhanced by other principles some of them are The prosecutors should treat each case uniquely and not relate it to similar cases before. They must be fair, in dependent and should not be influenced by everyone or anything, they have to work in the interests of promoting fair justice and not to fulfil their mortal-to-person ambitions, they have a responsibility of guiding and advising investigators whenever possible. They also review cases and ensure all evidence is presented to the courts.The prosecutors work is to serve well the courts to reach a proper and fair sentence that is backed by sufficient evidence and facts so as to assist the courts to come up with a valid conclusion. They will do this by tone into various matters such as making sure they are conversant with the guidelines on the court procedures with weigh to the case do background research on the victims which will include if they have faced any previous charges. They will also need to make sure that there are fewer barriers that will influence their investigations for instance restraining orders.The prosecutor therefore is useful to the courts because they may tell th e court how the victim should be sentenced depending on the crimes they have committed. This is because they prepare a plea and Sentence document before sentencing and they present it to the courts. The prosecutors will therefore ensure fair trial by following up court proceedings by constantly reviewing what is presented to the courts as correct and relevant. Fair trial is also furthered when they address new cases afresh by looking into all the supporting evidence so that they can argue their points in court.In enhancing equality, they do this by making sure that they are not influenced by other people or their personal feelings getting in the way of their work and they will present wrong judgements. They also make sure that the court legislators are informed of what is expected from them as they are constantly advised on the areas where they have doubts. Adversarialism will only be valid if both sides are equally matched and every party is treat equally (Ian K, 4). Presumption of innocence is the state of being considered innocent until the court says you are guilty.This is a rightfield that every accused person is entitled to. The prosecutors therefore are the ones who help the courts prove that a person is guilty or not guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. The courts refer to as the interference of proof and will only take place when there is evidence. And the prosecutors do this by collecting and presenting the evidence. If the prosecutors or the court has doubt in the evidence presented, the prosecutors will have to be given extra meter so that they present what is correct.

Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Ozone Depletion and Global Warming EssayThere is no suspect that global warming is fast becoming a serious issue at this cadence. However, not each(prenominal) people are aware of the negative effects that global warming and ozone depletion can bring. They are alike not aware of the fact that their day-to-day actions can contribute largely to the phenomenon. While ozone depletion and global warming is hard to deal with, there are numerous ways where people can contribute to the purlieu so that the situation will not become much worse than what is seen today. If people would like to dish out improve the environment, they should start within themselves by changing some of the ways they run the household. recycle and reusing is a very practical thing to do especially nowadays when everything is high in terms of their cost. Recycling can decrease the amount of garbage that will be sent out to landfills. People should overly choose to buy products made out of recycled material s.It is also valuable to conserve energy by bout appliances reach when they are not in use, or by using Energy Star qualify products, or by modifying the house and using green power or installing solar panels. spreadhead the word and participating in activities and programs that support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions can also importantly help. Changing household ways can be easier compared to that of the workplace setting because there are slight people to instruct and there are fewer appliances to check.Still, when working, people should always utilize office equipment much(prenominal) that they are only used when needed. Things that are not usually used should be powered off but things that are mostly used should not be turned off every time because constantly switching them on and off can use up more energy. Employees and companies should also stool it a point to recycle and reuse their materials, especially paper. Papers should only be used for important commu nication or reports. Other less important things should be communicated through the Internet by email or instant messages.

Tips About Writing About Yourself Essay Example for Free

Tips astir(predicate) Writing About Yourself EssayFirst you should gather all of your ideas.Writing is a process that involves at least four distinct steps pre musical composition, briefing, revising, and editing. It is known as a recursive process. While you are revising, you world power have to return to the prewriting step to develop and expand your ideas.Prewriting is anything you do before you write a draft of your document. It includes thinking, taking notes, talking to others, brainstorming, outlining, and gathering informationAlthough prewriting is the first activity you engage in, generating ideas is an activity that occurs throughout the writing process. DraftingDrafting occurs when you put your ideas into sentences and paragraphs. Here you concentrate upon explaining and withstanding your ideas fully. Here you also begin to concern your ideas. Regardless of how much thinking and planning you do, the process of putting your ideas in words changes them often the re ally words you select evoke additional ideas or implications. Dont pay attention to such things as spell out at this stage.This draft tends to be writer-centered it is you telling yourself what you know and think about the topic.RevisingRevision is the pick up to effective documents. Here you think more deeply about your readers needs and expectations. The document becomes reader-centered. How much support will each idea need to convince your readers? Which terms should be defined for these particular readers? Is your governing body effective? Do readers need to know X before they can understand Y?At this stage you also refine your prose, making each sentence as concise and accurate as possible. Make connections between ideas explicit and clear.EditingCheck for such things as grammar, mechanics, and spelling. The last thing you should do before printing your document is to spell check it.Dont edit your writing until the other steps in the writing process are complete.

Information Flow in an Organization Essay Example for Free

Information Flow in an Organization EssayDepending upon the organization information is utilise and disseminated accordingly. Information return plays a very important role, and is a critical component among businesses who seek to be more successful than their competition. Companies cannot operate without a proper and concise information draw which is accessible done the compeverys different discussion sections. The IT de arrayment and information systems ar mainly responsible for providing elans for the assorted departments within the company to have access to applications and systems that assist employees in accomplishing their jobs with more ease. Businesses today rely intemperately on information technology, and software applications to assist the different departments through helping them complete their daily tasks and functions in a faster and better manner.Software applications help the information systems run in a way that every(prenominal)ow employees to perfor m more tasks in less time and help everything run smoothly in concert similar. As I examine my current employer I can see how important information flow is to the success of our company. Information is used to work together with every department however it is easy to read/write head out how it flows by examining separately department such as Sales, Engineering, Programming and Production.As orders are placed, our sales department is the first step in information flow in my organization. Customers have specific requirements for each shape they purchase which generally always differ from previous versions we have made. Once the sales orders and specifications are in order they are sent from the sales department to our Engineering department to be intentional. at that place are several different draftsmen and each has their own area of expertise. The Production Manager assigns the raises and machines to be designed to the draftsmen based on the specifications given by the custom er. Also, while in Engineering, the machines are given job song that will follow them throughout the shop so that it may be tracked as well(p) as allow employees to clock into the proper job. Having a specific job number tied to a specific machine also allows management to review every individual that has worked on these machines at any time.After the machines have designed and approved they are then sent to the programming department. The programming department is responsible for tearing the machines apart in a CAD system known as SolidWorks and separating the frame from the sheet metal. After this has been completed the next step is to individually program each piece of subway in the frame and apply the proper programming required for optimum cutting time on the laser. The next thing that is programmed is all the sheet metal parts.In order to program sheet metal, the part which is drawn in solidworks, must be saved and transformed into a DXF file. These files are put into a sof tware called SigmaNest and programmed fairly easy. Once all elements of the machine has been programmed, the programming department takes the programs, the job related to the machine, the machine drawings and specifications, and the sales order and hands it off to the Floor Manager for Production.After the Floor manager has all this information, he decides which machines to cut and in what order to cut them in based on shipping dates. He then takes the machine programs, jobs, and drawing and pass them out to the proper departments which will work on cutting, assembling, painting, and exam each one of our machines before they are sealed and shipped off to any of our customers throughout the world.Information flow is essential in any business in maintain functionality as well as productivity. Without approximately sort of order, without some sort of standard operating procedures our company could not be one of the lead story manufacturer of agricultural machinery in the world.

Ethics In Group Counseling Essay Example for Free

Ethics In sort out Counseling EssayAbstractThis essay provides information most ethics, as narrow downd and regulated in the practice of pleader or therapy sessions. Further to a greater extent, this essay spirits closely at the intricacies of ethical issues in commissioning and congregation therapies and how these compargon to the ethical issues in soulfulness therapies. It similarly touches on the importance of co-leadership in company therapies and the dynamics of the relationship between the leader and the co-leader. This essay excessively covers in great detail, the reasons why therapists prefer to conduct classify therapies over individual therapies and vice versa. Ethics in Group CounselingEthics DefinedEthics has various meanings. Many counselors see ethics as a code of conduct or a erect of moral determine. Some counselors emphasize the wakeless principles and ramifications of certain behavior during counseling sessions, while others put a high priority o n the ethnical norms or societal standards brought forth inwardly the counseling practice (Hill, 2004).Code of conduct and set of moral set go hand in hand (Hill, 2004). These atomic number 18 guidelines of the dos and donts in counseling. retributive as God has given us guidelines for effective and joyful leading through the ten commandments hegira 201-20 (New International Version) and the examples of Christ in the New Testament, along with the epistles and letters of apostles and disciples like Paul, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, so should the absolute majority of the sea captain groups or sub-groups such(prenominal) as the counseling indus screen also have moral codes of conducts, procedures and laws. These behavioural conduct principles are geared towards counselors for high efficiency and success rates in therapy sessions (Hill, 2004).They help deem the unity of the counselor which helps defend the trust between the therapist and the patient. There are inconsistencie s and discrepancies with these moral value or code of conducts (Jennings et al., 2005).Many professionals put precedence overrules and regulations, just as umpteen Christians fucking be overly zealous with Gods commands that they miss out in creating and maintaining meaningful relationships. Many counselors dissolve also miss out on the strengths of relationships as they focus on just the foundational moral values they bring into their professions (Jennings et al., 2005) In other words, it is not merely enough to go by the codes in unrivalleds profession. These codes can be too broad. Ones beliefs, inter personalized and intrapersonal skills, justice and sound theme should also be a direct and large interrupt in the ethical behavior of a counselor. Each profession, including the counseling profession essential bring about a balance or equilibrium for such rules. Legal principles, on the other hand, are governing standards that are defined to bring on safety nets around the counselor and around the client. Legal principles not only define the boundaries between the client and the counselor, they also define the legal consequences if such boundaries are neglected or abused (Hill, 2004).Legal principles for psychological counseling admit the stringent process of handling complaints from clients. As in any law-governing body or group, complaints mustiness(prenominal) be handled efficiently and efficiencies depend on the protocols and guidelines constituted by specific bodies such as the American psychological Association or the APA. Legal principles also include the issuance and the renewal of counseling or sociable work licenses. Each state has a governing body that overlooks the issuance and the renewals of licenses, as thoroughly as the insurance procedures including liability claims for counseling professionals Cultural norms or societal standards are highly regulated principles set forth by a certain group within a profession. For instance, the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related educational Programs regulate the principles and procedures within the counseling profession.The principles set forth are guidance procedures that watch over the professionals professional, and the clients protected. Such accrediting bodies or regulatory agencies also set forth educational and professional backgrounds for counselors to adhere to or live by. In other words, counseling groups require their professionals to attain certain gist of education, training and experience to visit that their professionals are skilled and prepared to counsel clients from various diversities and cultural and emotional backgrounds (Hill, 2004). The counselors competence is a priority. The mainissue, when it comes to competence, is the fact that the counselor has built ample set of skills, through education and experience, in gear up to effectively, successfully and ethically counsel others relationally (Jennings et al., 2005) After all, psy chologists are professionals who use most of their time observing tender-hearted behavior and experiences and interpreting these into progressive theories that can benefit others mentally and emotionally in their physical, social and environmental relationships.The professional must know how to deal with people and this includes listening, suggesting, advising and creating plans for individuals. These plans can highly affect the individuals self-esteem and progress. honourable issues in social work group settings are challenging (Gumpert Black, 2006). Its far more than multiplex than what the general public knows about. One of the ethical standards is that the group leader must have ample amount of experience in different types of group settings must have a very extensive spot and must be equipped to face the obstacles and complexities that rise more vulgarly in group settings (Gumpert Black, 2006).Therapists must be able to overcome conflicts and tackle crises (Amato, Blase , Paley, 2000). Therefore, the therapist must be skilled in book binding potential group constituents (Amato et al., 2000, p. 12) Conflicts are inevitable in any group setting because individuals are do up of different personalities, educational and socio-economic backgrounds and mental, physical and emotional capabilities. honorable issues are important because they help the therapists infer their clients and embrace the diversity at hand. Spiritual background should also be considered because ethical issues also run through into consideration the spiritual backgrounds, values and beliefs of the individuals. honest Issues Unique to Group SettingsSome of the ethical issues in professional group counseling include the highly confidential nature of group sessions and the challenges counselors have in refraining members from communication with each(prenominal) other removed the group settings. As simple as these guidelines sound, it is difficult for the counselor to ensure the se principles. After all human beings are relational beings. (Gumpert Black, 2006). We are all inclined to create relationships as we understand ourselves and each other. These relationships have defined boundaries. In group counseling, bingle of the most important boundaries to think about is to refrain from sharing private or confidential information gathered in the group outside the group.Additionally, the demand for confidentiality in the counseling profession is superstar that can be neglected and can of necessity cause detrimental effects not just for the group but for individual as well (Gumpert Black, 2006). With this confidentiality at hand, the trust issues are at stake and one that should be monitored closely and on a regular basis. The consequences of violating the confidentiality clause in any group therapy must be introduced and must constantly be re-visited on a regular basis. It is that important. Communication with other members of the group also propels another problem in ethics amongst counseling professionals.It creates a breach of contract among the group members (Gumpert Black, 2006). Once this breach of contract is violated, the professionalism and the integrity of the counseling group is in a dangerous and delicate stage and one that can defy the group from progressing and the individual members from succeeding in their therapy goals. One of the ethical issues in group counseling is of control, or the lack thereof. According to Haeseler, group therapists have lesser amount of control over what happens in group counseling sessions compared to individual therapy sessions (Amato, Blase, Paley, 2000). Haesler has conducted both group and individual art therapies. She concluded that although group sessions can bring forward member interactions, certain members can affect other members in a negatively charged way (Amato et al., 2000). non only are human beings relational beings, we are also influential beings. We strive to persuade o thers as much as we strive to encourage one another. In group therapies, this need to influence others can be too strong that it creates a sense of peer pressure. (Amato et al., 2000) Although not all peer pressures are bad (because we can pressure others into doing what is morally correct) it is one that should be highly monitored in the groups. Every member of the group should be comfortable to freely state their feelings, thoughts and ideas and not be pressured or be influenced by other members to do or say what doesnt come sincerely from our hearts. (Amato et al., 2000)Choosing Group Therapy over man-to-man TherapyGroup therapies are as important as individual therapies. Many therapistschoose to conduct group therapies because in groups, members tend to feel a sense of equality (Banks, 2005) with other members, as opposed to having one authority (the counselor) and one individual (client or subject). Additionally, some people actually thrive better in groups because they like t o share with others and may not feel very comfortable with having to talk to just one person. Group therapies can be the better therapy for people who dislike being by themselves. Group therapies also encourage respect for others (Banks, 2005). Since members are necessary to actively participate in the group, they are also required to respect other members with their opinions multi-cultural diversities and various personalities. They are required to allow others to share their experiences with the other members. Members who have associationable to adapt to listening to others and learning from them can get better results in their emotional and social levels. Group therapies are also preferred by leaders because of the exhilarating aspect of being more wide-awake with members (Banks, 2005) when it comes to conflicts or negative outlooks of certain members.Therefore, group leaders have a stronger sense of keeping things more imaginative and livelier. There is nothing complacent an d dull with a group because there are forever and a day different dynamics that the leader can face from one moment to the next. Group therapies can keep counselors on their toes, watching out for that dominant talker, or the negative influence in the group. They also try to find more ways for the groups to be more exciting and challenging through different exercises. social learning also has a natural way of allowing members to reflect on a topic of issue, found on experiences of other members. Reflections can create thought-provoking questions that invite members to work steady harder in investigate how they feel or how they see things from another members background and experience.Group therapies can create the perfect environment for annotation on how we can each impact the lives of others. The members of the group can reckon right away the effects of good communication and right attitudes and perceptions in real time within real relationships (Vandenberghe, 2009). There are no hypothetical discussions in group therapies. There are endlessly experiential discussions and narratives in groups. This dynamic is ideal for learning by observation. The more opportunities are given to members for observation and feedback for sharing and relating, the more progress the group can have as a whole. As the groupprogresses as a whole, each individual member can also progress in his or her own level and within his or her own sets of goals.Choosing Individual Therapy Over Group TherapyIt is important to look at both sides of therapy. Many therapists prefer group therapies over individual therapies, and vice versa. Therapists who embrace individual therapies believe that group therapies reduce the sense of individualism for the patients (Piper, 2007). In other words, the patient is more likely to be influenced by other members of the group, regarding feedback and participation, rather than be encouraged to be themselves. Sharing is an essential part of therapy and some members are just not adapted to sharing how they feel with others. Therefore, the trust level also diminishes. With one on one therapy, the trust level can be gained in each session, and sometimes almost instantaneously. Many therapists also claim that group therapies are more likely to expose the therapists to personal attacks or criticisms (Piper, 2007). In other words, the observations of other members on how the therapist reacts to another member can create different perceptions of favoritism, inclusion or lack thereof, and can lead other members compelled to attack or even rebuke the therapist.This of course, can take the group therapy to another level which can keep other members from progressing. For many therapists, group therapies are more difficult to plan for or to organize (Piper, 2007). There are more challenges to face. These include the logistics of the group sessions assembling members as well as generating referrals to keep up or maintain the groups (Piper, 20 07). The therapist must be diligent in screening his or potential group members must take into consideration the different personalities of the members and must highly prioritize the goals set forth in each session. These goals must be aligned to the goals that the members have in joining a group. A mismatch in the goals can create a disaster for all members involved, not to mention misunderstandings and conflicts. Conducting group therapies also requires more training and experience that only a few therapists are equipped with. The therapist must give leadership and group communications skills and experience.Supplemental skills of forming, maintaining and ending a group must also be present, as well as working stage skills such as keeping the focus, creating dyads, andhandling negative members should also be taken into consideration (Jacobs, Masson, Harvill, 2009). This is where co-leadership can come into play. Before conducting groups, counselors must be see in co-leadership. The experience can give them better ways of handling conflicts and prepare them in communicating with the members as a whole. Finally, it is always difficult to avoid the subject of budget even in counseling therapies.Many therapists prefer individual therapies because group therapies are still not considered as a common treatment (Piper, 2007) and therefore, many healthcare management systems do not consider them as an essential in the overall well-being of the patient. With the reduction of health care benefits by the health care management companies, the sufferance of group therapy as part of a rigorous treatment plan is still in its tokenish level and many group therapy claims are continuously being denied (Piper, 2007).ConclusionBeing able to counsel others as a group is a rewarding and fulfilling experience. A good group counselor must be experienced in both group and individual counseling therapies, and must know his or her strengths as well as his or her weaknesses. Most i mportantly, a good group therapy leader must be well-informed about the ethical practices, issues and limitations of his or her profession. Having an extensive education, well-balanced experience and background, self-awareness and broad knowledge of the ethical issues of group counseling, along with passion to make a difference and good and sound erudition can help a group therapist succeed and therefore make a terrific difference in peoples lives.ReferencesAmato, L., Blase, C., Paley, S. (2000). Ethics. American Journal of Art Therapy, 39, 12. Banks, R. (2005). Solution-Focused Group Therapy. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 16, 17-21. Freeman, S. J., Engels, D. W., Altekruse, M. (2004). Foundations for Ethical Standards and Codes The Role of Moral Philosophy and Theory in Ethics. Counseling Values, 48, 163-173. Gumpert, J., Black, P. N. (2006). Ethical Issues in Group compute What are They? How Are They Managed?. Social Work with Groups, 29, 61-74. Hill, A. L. (2004). Ethic al Analysis in Counseling A grounds for Narrative Ethics, MoralVisions and Virtue Ethics. Counseling Values, 48, 131-148. Jacobs, E. E., Masson, R. L., Harvill, R. L. (2009). Group Counseling Strategies and Skills (6th ed.). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole. Jennings, L., Sovereign, A., Bottorff, N., Mussell, N., Pederson, M., Vye, C. (2005). Nine Ethical Values of Master Therapists. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 27, 32-47. Luke, M., Hackney, H. (2007). Group Coleadership A Critical Review. Counselor instruction Supervision, 46, 280-293. Piper, W. E. (2007). Underutilization of Short-term Group Therapy Enigmatic or Understandable?. Psychotherapy Research, 18, 127-138. Urofsky, R. I., Engels, D. W. (2003). Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, and Counseling Ethics not an Abstraction. Counseling Values, 47, 118. Vandenberghe, L. (2009). A Functional Analytic approach to Group Psychotherapy. Behavioral Analyst Today, 10, 71-82.

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay Example for Free

iniquity by Elie Wiesel EssayNight, the time God Disappeared Night, the time when God broke promises to Jews and the Nazis kept the ones they made. Elie Wiesel wrote a center breaking, mind boggling book that goes by the name of Night. Night tells the story of Elie Wiesel during the Holocaust. During that time the Jewish race were mistreated, betrayed, and dehumanized. The groundwork of a story describes the central messages of the story. There are many thoughts of Night. One that will be discussed has the horrid name of in humanity. During the Holocaust the Jews were treated very inhumane.They were beaten, dehumanized, and also killed. At the labor camps, the people were ply very little, had to work many hours and mistreated. They symbol of silence affects the story when the Jewish people had their rights taken from them, when they plunge out that they were going to be deported also, when the Jewish nation never said anything about the slaughtering of their people. The theme of this write up comes across as Silence. It shows how the Jewish people thought that nothing bad could come of this situation.Elie Wiesel states, The first quality Jews would not be allowed to leave their houses for three days- on pain of death. (Wiesel, 8). When the Jewish people had their rights taken from them, they equal to the rules and didnt speak out. This event showed silence because no one asked why? Or how come? It seemed want the Jewish people were not worried of afraid, as if they did not find this alarming or fishy in anyway. This event in the story makes it seem like even though these rights were taken away, anything else wouldnt matter that much either.It would be like not being permitted to drink soda, then(prenominal) juice, then water, then anything. The Jews thought that they could live without going outside, like it was a luxury for them. This milestone in the story shows the theme of silence by saying that the restrictions would not kill them (meani ng that everything that happens would not have any damage). When the Jewish people were deported, they did not say a word or did they ask why they should move or bear in mind to the Nazis.

Purchasing Power Parity; Does It Exist Essay Example for Free

get office proportion Does It Exist EssayIntroduction The get military group mirror symmetry dogma is perhaps single of the most contr everyplacesial financial theories. Over the course of studys, it has had its ebbs and flows, with prop whiznts expositing several(prenominal) numeric and statistical look to ratify the surmise, season critics adjudge sever all toldy condemned the avail of the possibility however, according to Belassa1 the doctrine has managed to survive nevertheless.Belassa argues that, though in somewhat ambiguous terms, the doctrine has been invoked as early as during the Napoleonic wars, the christening and explanation of the doctrine came from Prof. Gustav Cassel during the First World War and was popularized by and by the Second World War. The informant further posits that interests in the possibleness t annul to be invoked when existing veers positions were thought to be delusive and thither was, therefore, a search for what is cons idered counterpoise order2. Perhaps one of the contr everyplacesies that overhear built up roughly the purchasing fountain relation starts with the issue of rendering. Different references tend to come after up with their own definition (version) of the system, and as a expiry, the theory has come to sloshed different things to different authors3. Before looking at some of the purposeualizations of the theory that has gene putd all oer clip, it is pertinent, to starting go steady the theory as was professed by its author Prof. Gustav Cassel. Bunting4 presents the first exposition of the theory in Casselss Money and Foreign Exchange after 1914, which he tell was one of the earliest and best explanation of the theory by the author. Bunting explains that the concept of purchase causation check bit was borne out of the train to establish what determined replace order in Europe after the era of gold standard was gone, that is, when national currencies were on inco nvertible basis. On this basis, Cassel explains that considering the fact that the primary actor a unsophisticateds currency is in demand in a outside artless is the need to purchase well-behaveds produced in that earth. Thus, when normal, unrestricted trade between dickens countries have been established over time, the commutation evaluate become fixed congener to the get tycoon of each currency domestically, and as ache as this domestic buying business office of the currencies do not change, nothing get out happen to the transmute judge5.Further, the theory states that when the currencies of these countries undergo inflation, the the normal govern of flip depart be equal to the old judge multiplied by the quotient of the degree of inflation in the one country and in the some other6. plot of ground this explanation describes the sanctioned skeleton of the theory, there have been several revisions and modifications of the meanings and concept of the theory as several authors tend to strengthen or criticize it. Some of these adjustments to the meaning of the theory go forth suffice to buttress this point. Everett and his colleagues7 attempting to saloon currency strengths and weakness with the buying advocate simile concept, posited that as wide as there is unrestricted trades, throw judge of currencies tend to obey the buy advocator of the currencies. In this require, they succinctly mean the theory to mean olibanum regardless of how currencies atomic number 18 denominated, when adjusted for units all currencies tend to command the analogous basket of steady-goings8. This definition is similar to that adopted by Klein et al.9, who carened the buying origin analogy doctrine to the fairness of wholeness Price with the explanation that an identical good (or service) would command the akin price, measured in a given numeraire system, all over the trading world10. Belassa, however, gave a more fat explanation of t he get power doctrine, differentiating between the relative and absolute interpretations of the theory. According to him, the absolute version of purchasing power analogy theory argues that when purchasing power parities ar auspicated as a proportion of consumer goods prices for whatever pair of countries, the result reflects the equilibrium evaluate of alter.On the other hand, the relative version of the theory arouses that, when compared to a plosive speech sound when equilibrium places prevailed, changes in the relative prices of goods would indicate the requisite adjustments in exchange reckons11. In a sense, one burn infer from these definitions that the absolute version of the theory seeks to establish equilibrium exchanges rate between any pair of countries based on purchasing power of their currencies, while the relative version intends to measure the over and undervaluation of currencies at any period in time12. Despite the controversies surrounding the validi ty and public utility of this theory, recently, authors have desire to clothe the doctrine in the garments of respectability and in this regard, several statistical materials have been presented that more accurately reflects the affinity between power of currencies and exchange rates, as conceived in the theory 13. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to examine some of the literatures regarding the theory and perhaps to infer from these, the implications and future research possibilities of the theory.Literature ReviewBalassa, Bela (1964). The Purchasing-Power Parity ism A Reappraisal. Belassa14 unpatternedly belongs to the group of authors that intend to strengthen the validity and utility of the purchasing power proportion doctrine. He begins by first differentiating between absolute and relative versions of the theory, as explained above. He, however, asserted that the doctrine as postulated by Cassel tends towards the absolute version when he states that the rate of e xchange between two countries go forth be determined by the quotient between the planetary levels of prices in the two countries15.Further, he explains that theory as invoked by another author indicates that the German mark was undervalued against the dollar, while the mark too was overvalued, and the Austrian shilling, Danish overstep and Dutch guilder all undervalued, by extending the theory to the currencies of less developed countries, their currencies appears to be undervalued against the dollar. The author contends that the exit from the measured exchanges were too much to be caused by misconducts. In the bid to correct the perceived weakness in the theory, Belassa created a new model for the theory by introducing non-traded goods ( serve) into the traditional two-country, two-commodity model of the theory. This model of the theory is strengthened by the following laying claims that there is only one limiting factor labor, and constant excitant coefficient.Also, under the premise of constant marginal rates of transformation, countries with relative toweringer productivity levels will father higher relative price of non-traded commodity compared to another. From these propositions, the author posit that income levels play a significant level in the calculation of purchase powers and that purchasing power parities will be more closely link to exchange rates when prices are expressed in terms of wage units. From this compare, the author posit that if we were to grow production of traded goods relative to non-traded goods constitutes the major difference in external productivity, currencies of country with higher productivity will appear to be overvalued victimisation purchasing power parity bit calculations. However, if per capita income was to be used as a representative of levels of productivity, the ratio of purchasing power parity to exchange rate will be an change magnitude reflection of income levels In providing empirical confirmat ion the proposed relationship between purchasing power parity, exchange rates and income levels, the author argues thus if differences in tastes do not counterbalance differences in productive endowments, there will be a tendency in each country to consume commodities with lower relative prices in larger quantities16 . The result is that the purchasing power of country IIs currency will be undervalued if country Is consumption pattern is used as weights and overestimated if country IIs consumption is used. This is shown in the tables below. The second table above shows the comparison of the cost of household operate in the United States and Italy for 1950. The author argue that after conversion at exchange rates, domestic services in Italy seem to cost well-nigh one-fifth of their United states price, barber and beauty shops cost one- tetradth, backwash and dry cleaning the same cost. In the same vein, purchasing power equivalents for household services was 391 lira at US weights a nd 165lira at Italian weights. These figures confirm, the author argues, that services (non-traded goods) cost more, relatively, in countries with higher income levels. Thus, it buttresses the relationship between purchasing power parity, exchange rates and income levels.Bunting, H. Frederick (1939). The Purchasing Power Parity Theory Reexamined. Bunting18, while conceding that the purchase power parity doctrine has been severally criticized, further adds his criticism by, according to him, submitting the theory to an improved statistical test. The basis of the argument set forth in this paper is that though the author of the doctrine of purchasing power parity discussed some credibly exceptions to the theory, which could account for the differences observed between uncoiled(a) exchanges rates and parity calculated rates, several other exceptions that render the theory impracticable exists. The author proffered an elaborate definition (explanation) of the theory, as conceived b y Cassel and the proposed relationship between purchasing power of currencies and their exchange rates. Further, he went on to summarize the major exceptions to the general rule into seven main points, as discussed by Cassel in his track record Money and Foreign Exchange After 1914.Accordingly, he explained that exchange rates are expected to aberrant from the calculated rates if, domestic prices fluctuate in relation to one another, due to any series of factors tariffs and/or shipping costs change in relation to those prevalent in the base twelvemonth used for the calculation obstructions to trade other tariffs and shipping costs becomes operational during the division under servant sudden devaluation of currency occurs during the transition period the activities of speculators affect exchange rates authoritiess are in need of foreign exchange, for example to kick in international debts and the base year or general price mogul is not properly selected, as defects in the pr ice index finger used or the base year could cause predictive error in calculated rates. In sum, Bunting posits that though these exceptions are many and powerful, they do not fully subsume factors/reasons responsible for differences in material rates and calculated rates. In this regard, the author asserts that the critique of the theory can be simplified by considering problems of price levels and direction of change. On the issue of price level, he argues that, problems with choice of base year and the commodities that should make up the price indices to be used in the calculation shows ambiguity in the theory. First, with base year determination, the author argues that Cassels argumentation that it is only if we know the exchange rate which represents a certain equilibrium that we can calculate the rate which represents the same equilibrium at an altered value of the monetary units of the two countries19 i.e. we can only calculate the equilibrium rate now if we know the rate at a particular base year is faulty because there is no such thing in international trades. He argues that the fact that international economic conditions do not persist for long means that a given base year can only be reasonably used to measure relative price changes for only a short period of time. On the commodity prices to be included in the price index, Bunting too faults Cassels insistence that general price index should be used, arguing that not all goods are traded internationally. Thus changes in commodities not traded internationally can, therefore, have no effect on foreign countrys evaluation of a countrys currency. Further, on the direction of change, the author argues that Cassels hostility that when currencies are not on a convertible specie standard it is parities which determine exchange rates20 tend to overlook the possibility that the direction of change could be the reverse i.e. price levels may be caused by changes in exchange rates.Thus, while Cassel con cedes that the actions of speculators could cause changes in exchange rates without necessary price changes there are several other factors that are capable of inducing change in exchange rates. Bunting mentions the following factors Government monetary policies alterations of central bank rates, stabilization funds, international government loans Private international loans and special considerations such as large corporations transferring their capital holdings from one country to the other to protect their profits, or tourist expenditures and immigration remittances, which both involve the purchase of foreign currencies with no regard for the purchasing power of the currencies involved. Subjecting the purchasing power parity theory to statistical tests, the author presents his result in the graphical form shown below. In the maps below, Franco-American exchange rates were compared for 1920s and 1930s. The solid line represents calculated rates while the broken line labeled no l ag represents actual rates. The differences exhibited between the actual and calculated rates for the statistical test constitute discrepancy in the theory. The 1month, 2months and 3months lag periods were allowed in the assumption that time should be allowed for changes in purchasing power parities to effect a change in exchange rate, thus the 1-3months lag should show more correlation with the actual rates, however, this was not the case. The author concludes that proponents of the theory should simply espy the fact that the theory as it stand is defective and needs to be refined.The authors of this paper proffered answers to criticisms of the validity and utility of the purchasing power parity theory, and especially to the claims that though the theory worked relatively in the 1920s, it failed in the mid-seventies by some other authors. Davutyan and John21 contend that possible reasons for the apparent failure of the purchasing power theory to predict exchange rates accurately when figures from the 1970s are used could include the fact that relatively to 1920 monetary policies were more coordinated in the 1970s. They therefore, assert that it is the coordination of monetary policies, not the failure of the purchasing power parity theory that causes conventional statistical tests to reject the validity of purchasing power parity for the 1970s.Providing point to stick out their claims, the authors posit that if we are to assume that there are no obstructions to trade, i.e. all goods are tradable and legal arbitrage refers to the relative version of the purchasing power theory, as explained by Bellassa22 above.In consolidating their argument, the authors contend that purchasing power parity tend to fail under two instances when arbitragers fail to respond to profitable opportunities or when work costs and other impediments inhibit trades. However, they contend that the first factor might not be feasible, so the latter appears to be more important. Elucid ating on the second factor, Davutyan and John posit that under the assumption of energy work costs all goods are tradable, when this assumption is listed, goods could be divided into two categories, tradables with zero transaction costs and non-tradables with high transaction costs. Thus, in the absence of transaction costs, arbitrage keeps relative prices of tradable goods crosswise countries equal, but this is not the case between non-tradables as well as between tradables and non-tradables. Therefore, when there are economic shocks, the equation above holds tradables but not for non-tradables.Furthermore, the authors contend that even with tradables, while the zero transaction costs is convenient in theory, it is not always so in reality. The fact is that relative transaction cost differs between countries and this too, tends to introduce errors into the purchasing power parity calculation, as with the non-tradables. Another source of error in purchasing power calculation, acco rding to the authors, is unequal weights used for calculation.They argue that in the second equation above, the weights in the price index are the same for both countries however, use CPI or sell price index or GNP deflators would violate the requirement for similar weights and could introduce error into the measurement. To support their claims, the authors present the data in the table below, where R2 and estimate of the regression coefficient supports the argument that purchasing power parity works. Everett24 and his colleagues presented a practical and working model of the purchasing power parity theory and argued that by using this model of the theory to calculate exchange rates, currency strengths and weakness can be measured. Defining purchasing power parity, the authors contend that the primary concept of the theory is that when the forces of price mechanism are unrestricted, exchange rates tend to conform to the purchasing power of currencies. Thus, instead of price levels adjusting to exchange rates, the reverse is the case. In this regard, the authors assert that while this general idea of the theory applies to a world of floating exchange rates, their model of the purchasing power theory can be adapted to a variety of exchange rate regimes, such as managed floats, crawling pegs and fixed exchange rates. In explaining this model of the purchasing power parity, the authors refer to what they called the parity chart. As shown below, the chart is dod thus the horizontal axis measures time from a chosen time of personal credit line the base year while the vertical axis measures two things, one, the difference in the plowshare of the purchasing power of currencies and two, the percentage change in the actual exchange rate from the base year. While the constellate line represents the actual/observed exchange rates, the parity (solid) line represents parity (calculated) exchange rates over time. Using the two country model to explain the parity chart , the authors explain that if we assume that there are no restrictions to trade, and the perfect base time, under this scenario, if the change in the purchasing power of country As currency differs from that of country B, the parity line in the chart above will have a positive or negative slope, depending on the sign of the difference between the purchasing power of the currencies under consideration. Further, if actual exchange rates were to be plotted on the same chart, the slope should conform closely to that of the parity line. What can be inferred from this explanation is that the parity line in the chart closely reflects the expected change in exchange rates that should follow changes in the purchasing power of country currencies. To support their claims that the parity chart can be used to measure changes in exchange rates under any type of exchange rate regime, the authors presented empirical results of several currencies with different exchange rate regimes, these included the German mark-a more or less freely floating exchange rate Spanish peseta-a strictly managed exchange rate Colombian peso-a crawling peg currency and South African rand-a fixed exchange rate25. The result for the German mark is presented below The authors explain that the vertical axis measures the percentage deviation from the calculated rate. While the line representing the inflation factor shows a fairly steady rise, in line with the well known fact of relatively lower rates of increases in the West German price level compared with most other countries, the line representing the exchange rate, on the other hand, shows no apparent trend, reflecting the fact that the exchange rates of West Germanys trading partners vis--vis the dollar on a trade-weighted basis may have moved in opposite directions. These two factors when compounded, yields the parity line. After presenting empirical results for all the four representative countries listed above, the authors concluded that an ind epth examination of the parity chart and line indicates that the parity line provides an effective and advised judgment about future currency political campaigns. Further, that if the parity rate diverges from the actual rate, this indicates that the currency is presently every over- or undervalued, and will therefore have to adjust, the longer the persistence of such a divergence, the more likely that an adjustment will occur soon26. This is another study that attempted to strengthen the validity and utility of the purchasing power parity doctrine. These authors, in this study, posited that purchasing power parity could be used to derive a more effective simulation or projection of world economy. Admitting that the theory has come to mean different thing to different writers, the authors adopted the law of one price definition of the theory, which explains that an identical good or service would command the same price, measured in a given numeraire system, all over the trading wo rld27. The authors further state that though there are several controversial issues about the theory, such as what category of goods should be included in the calculation or what time should be used as origin/base in the calculation, they assert that any detailed exchange rate modeling system should obey the purchasing power parity rule, in the long run. Statistically estimating the movement of exchange rates in relation to the purchasing power parity principle for the 1970s, the authors presented the following formula According to the authors, this formula states that the U.S. dollar terms, should have a ordinary rate of change across all countries, namely, the U.S. rate of change of export prices28. Thus, if the exchange rates during this time, had moved in accordance with the principle of purchasing power parity, then the estimates ofwould be consistent with the hypothesis of purchasing power parity. Where a =O b = -1.0 c = +1.0 eit =additive stochastic error. Scatter diagrams of the data points of the two equations above are shown below.Conclusively, the authors assert that assessment by these statistics, all the regression estimates in the charts above passed significance tests. Thus, it could be deduced that the relationship between purchasing power of currencies and the actual exchange rates was tightest for members of the EMS, but slightly less tight when the UK is included. Based on this evidence, the authors believe that their contention that, on average, purchasing power parity movements approximately reflects actual exchange rates in the 1970s has been ad pitly justified, and as a result, it could be generalized that calculations of purchasing power parity could be used in predicting movements of exchange rates. John29 proffered answers to criticisms concerning the predictive errors observed with exchange rates calculated from purchasing power parity. They observed that studies carried out by several authors indicate that for several countries, t he predictive error of purchasing power parity during the 1970s followed what they referred to as random walk i.e. whatever the deviation between the parity rate and actual rates observed this month, next month it is likely to increase as decrease. In this regard, the author argued that the basic idea behind the purchasing power parity doctrine is that in the long run, the differences between the parity rates and the actual exchange rates tend to disappear and the tow rates are equated. They argue that, though economic shocks, in whatever guise, could, in the short term, drive the actual rate from the parity rates, but in the absence of new shocks, the price mechanism tend to equate the tow rates, in the long run. Based on this argument, the author contend that predictive errors for purchasing power parity should not perform a random walk, instead there should be a stepwise decline or increase towards the actual rate. Supporting their claims that predictive errors in purchasing pow er parity does not perform random walk in the long run the authors presented the results of empirical studies of several countries using data for over seventy years. Following the same path with paper reviewed above, Yeager30 also sought to strengthen the validity and utility of the purchasing power parity theory. He started off his argument with the basic assumption that commonwealth primarily value currencies for what could be bought with it, based on this assumption, he argues, it is safe to presume that in an unrestricted market, people will tend to exchange such currencies for their relative purchasing powers.The author admits that the theory, in its basic form, as stated above, is loose and ambiguous, he posits, however, that the theory performs tow main functions. First, the theory gives an conceptualization of what the equilibrium exchange rates should be for currencies, however crude this rate appears. And two, the theory act like a change force for exchange rates. Expla ining this second function, he assert that when for any reason, actual exchange rates deviate from the equilibrium rates, the theory describes pressures at work tending to check and reverse this random departures from the range of equilibrium rates. The author provides this example to buttress the point made above about the stabilizing powers of the parity theory Let us suppose, for example, that prevailing exchange rates unmistakably undervalue the British pound in relation to the purchasing powers of the pound and of foreign currencies. Foreigners -say Americans- will offer dollars for pounds to buy British goods at bargain prices. Britons will offer relatively few pounds for dollars to buy, American goods at their apparently high prices. Unmatched attempts to sell dollars and buy pounds will bid the exchange rate toward the equilibrium level. In the same light, the author evaluates some of the numerous objections brocaded about the theory and posits that in most of these obje ctions, the stabilizing pressures vista of the theory has been mostly ignored. In sum, the author concludes that most of the discrepancies observed in purchasing power parity rates are due to inappropriate base periods disequilibrium exchange rates (including base-period rates), often imposed by official pegging tariffs, quotas, and other interferences with trade, payments, and exchange rates.31 Wyman32 extends the utility of the purchasing power parity further, by applying the concept of the doctrine to calculating gains or losses incurred by holding foreign items, such as foreign currencies or goods. Relating purchasing power parity to currency changes, the author explain that purchasing power is related to the exchange rates of currencies, in that, differential rates of inflation between, say the United States and a foreign country, influences the exchange rates between the monetary units if each country.Putting this definition into an equation, he states that the calculation of the purchasing power parity can be illustrated thus If the exchange rate between the United States and a foreign country is 20FC = $1 where FC denotes a unit of foreign currency, if during the year, the US price level index changed from 100 to 110 and that of the foreign country changed from 100 to 120, the purchasing power parity rate can be calculated by determining an adjustment factor that would be applied to the exchange rate. The adjustment factor is calculated ast t = the adjustment factor for period t or (120,100t 110,100) = 1.0909wheret = the price-level ratio in the United States defined as the general price-level index at the end of period t divided by the general price-level index at the beginning of period tt = the price-level ratio in the foreign country defined as the general price-level index at the end of period t divided by the general price-level index at the beginning of period t Explaining this formula, the author assert that when the adjustment factor is a pplied to the exchange rate, for the example above, result is FC 20x 1.0909 = FC 21.8182=$1. So, if the actual exchange rate at the end of the time t is at the calculated rate of FC 21.8182 to $1, investors in either country will maintain their purchasing power relative to each other, however, if for example, the exchange rate was to be at FC 22 to $1, FC would have depreciated more than is necessary to maintain the purchasing power parity, and so US investors in need of the foreign currency would have exchanged the currency at a loss. The author went on to establish a multiequation system that can be employed in analyzing electromotive force gains and losses in foreign exchange, based on the purchasing power parity concept.Ruble, L. William (1961). A equivalence of the Parity Ratio with Agricultural Net Income Measures 1910-1958. ledger of Farm Economics, 43(1)101-112. And Stine O. C. (1946). Parity Prices. Journal of Farm Economics, 28(1)301-305. These two works covered a sligh t different aspect of purchasing power parity. They were focused on the purchasing power of raiseers, comparing prices changes in farm and non-farm products, and thus, what farmers are paid for their farm products and what they have to pay to buy non-farm products. Stine33 explains that in the years after the first World War, when the purchasing power parity concept was birthed and first applied as measurement in of changes in purchasing power, marked changes in general price levels was observed, as expected, however, it was also observed that farm products declined more rapidly and farther compared to non farm products. As a result, what farmers had to pay for products they buy was considerably different from what they earn from the sells of farm products. Ruble34 supporting this line of argument, argues that since the prices authoritative by farmers and prices paid by farmers affect the livelihood and wellbeing of the farming family, the parity ratio provides a good indicator of the standard of living of farmers. Further, contends that the level of the parity ratio is expected to give good indication of the following methods of estimating the standard of living of farmersNet money income per capita, per farm, or per worker.Net real income per capita, per farm, or per worker.Income of farmers compared to income of non-farmers on a per capita or per worker basis (the parity income concept) However, data and result of empirical studies was presented to measure the relation between the parity ratio and the well being of farmers suggests that the parity ratio might not indeed properly reflects the general well being of farmers, if the well-being of farmers in general is expressed by the per capita, per farm, or per worker net income, real or money. In arriving at the figures in the table, the parity ratio was correlated separately with the per capita net agricultural income of the farm population, the net income of farm operators from farming per farm, and the net income of farm workers from farming per worker, income from all sources, and deflated by the index of prices paid by farmers for family-living items (1917-19 = 100)Summary There is no denying the fact that the Purchasing Power Parity doctrine is an important theory in the financial world. It is true that a lot of controversies have been generated about its validity and utility, but it is also true that several authors have been able to categorically prove its validity, and more importantly, utility, in an array of fields. Just as the theory has come to mean different thing to different authors, it has also carved for itself, different functions, depending on the perspective one adopts. It is not surprising, therefore, that authors have been able to apply the doctrine to a number of endeavors, as seen in the reviews above. In its most basic form, the concept argues that people primarily need currencies of other countries for the purpose of buying goods/commodities of that country . Therefore, people will only be prepared to exchange currencies for its relative worth. Here lies the relationship between purchasing power parity and the exchange rates of currencies i.e. when it is suspected that a currency is under or over valued, market forces will tend to force the rate back to the equilibrium level. Equilibrium here describes the rate achieved after trades have occurred between two countries, uninterrupted, for a certain period of time and a common exchange rate has been established, as a result. From this very basic understanding of the theory, as proposed by the author Prof. Gustav Cassel, several modifications, adjustments, and extension of the theory have been proposed and proved. For example, Bellasa fine tuned the predictive value of the theory by modifying the basic two-country, two-commodity model, to include considerations for non-traded goods (services) and the per capita income of each country, which, he argues, play crucial role in the purchasing power of currencies.Klein and his colleagues limited the theory and employed it in simulating/projecting changes in world economy Everett and others , also modified the theory and proved it to be useful in appraising strengths and weaknesses of countries currencies while John showed that the predictive errors in rates calculated with the purchasing power parity concept could be as a result of faults immanent in the calculation methods and data. From the foregoing, one can only infer that purchasing power parity is excuse an important financial concept. Although, further academic and research efforts should be geared towards resolving some of the objections raised against the theory. It is obvious that criticism of the theory will further help to strengthen it, in the future, as we have seen it done in the past. Most of the objections raised have been somehow addressed, even if not completely resolved. One can, thus conveniently conclude that with time, the theory might be better f ine tuned and become more effective at explaining and predicting exchange rates of currencies.EndnotesBalassa, Bela (1964). The Purchasing-Power Parity Doctrine A Reappraisal.Ibid p.584Klein, R. Lawrence, Shahrokh Fardoust and Victor Filatov (1981). Purchasing Power Parity in Medium Term example of the World Economy Balassa, Bela (1964)Bunting, H. Frederick (1939). The Purchasing Power Parity Theory ReexaminedBunting (1939) provided almost a word-for-word definition and explanation of the theory as postulated by Cassell. The author gives a better idea of the original theoryIbid p.283Everett, M. Robert, Abraham M. George and Aryeh Blumberg (1980). judge Currency Strengths and Weaknesses An Operational cast for shrewd Parity Exchange Rates.Ibid p.80Klein et al., 1981Ibid p.486Belassa, 1964 p.584-585This is personal opinion based on the definition of the absolute and relative PPP proffered by Bellasa, 1964IbidIbidBelassa, 1964 p.585 quoting Cassel in his book Money and Foreign Excha nge After 1914.IbidIbid p.587Bunting, H. Frederick (1939). The Purchasing Power Parity Theory Reexamined.Bunting, 1939 p.285 quoting Cassel in his book Money and Foreign Exchange After 1914.Bunting, 1939 p.288Davutyan, Nurhan and John Pippenger (1985). Purchasing Power Parity Did Not Collapse During the 1970sBalassa, 1964Davutyan and John, 1985 p.1151Everett, M. Robert, Abraham M. George and Aryeh Blumberg (1980). Appraising Currency Strengths and Weaknesses An Operational Model for Calculating Parity Exchange Rates.Ibid p.84Ibid p.90Klein, R. Lawrence, Shahrokh Fardoust and Victor Filatov (1981). Purchasing Power Parity in Medium Term Simulation of the World Economy. p.486Ibid p.487John, Pippenger (1982). Purchasing Power Parity An Analysis of Predictive ErrorYeager, B. Leland (1958). A Rehabilitation of Purchasing-Power ParityIbid p.529Wyman E. Harold (1976). Analysis of Gains or Losses from Foreign Monetary Items An Application of Purchasing Power Parity Concepts.Stine O. C. (194 6). Parity PricesRuble, L. William (1961). A Comparison of the Parity Ratio with Agricultural Net Income MeasuresBibliographyBalassa, Bela (1964). The Purchasing-Power Parity Doctrine A Reappraisal. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 726 pp. 584-596.Bunting, H. Frederick (1939). The Purchasing Power Parity Theory Reexamined. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 53. pp. 282-301.Davutyan, Nurhan and John Pippenger (1985). Purchasing Power Parity Did Not Collapse During the 1970s. The American Economic Review, Vol. 755. pp.1151-1158.Everett, M. Robert, Abraham M. George and Aryeh Blumberg (1980). Appraising Currency Strengths and Weaknesses An Operational Model for Calculating Parity Exchange Rates. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 112. pp. 80-91.John, Pippenger (1982). Purchasing Power Parity An Analysis of Predictive Error. The Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 152, pp. 335-346.Klein, R. Lawrence, Shahrokh Fardoust and Victor Filatov (1981). Purchasing Power P arity in Medium Term Simulation of the World Economy. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 83 4 pp. 479-496.Ruble, L. William (1961). A Comparison of the Parity Ratio with Agricultural Net Income Measures 1910-1958. Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 431. pp. 101- 112.Stine O. C. (1946). Parity Prices. Journal of Farm Economics, Vol.281. pp.301-305.Wyman E. Harold (1976). Analysis of Gains or Losses from Foreign Monetary Items An Application of Purchasing Power Parity Concepts. The Accounting Review, Vol. 51 3. pp. 545-558.Yeager, B. Leland (1958). A Rehabilitation of Purchasing-Power Parity. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 666, pp. 516-530.