Business Plan For Candle Business In Nigeria Commerce Essay

art Plan For Candle Business In Nigeria Commerce EssayCandles nonplus been in existence for many familys. At ane metre, deal depended on them to light as hearty as mania their homes. Archaeologists have found proof of the existence of past pratdles in caves only everyplace the world, most recently in France. The theory is that cavemen used compact discs as a source of light for etching their stories and charts on the w every last(predicate)s of their homes. These security measure of deposits were most likely created from fat derived from animals that were killed for feed and fur. Even the ancient Egyptians created and used cds. Regardless of what material the wick is made of, to rationalize and provide adequate light and heat it has to have plasma, solids, gasses, and liquids.In todays modern world, we create candles for our receive personal enjoyment, as crafts and hobbies for most people. Some people enjoy making candles so much that they turn their craft into a returnsable business. With a lesser creativity, you can benefit some truly grotesque candles, simply by adding your hold designs and skills. It is possible to make candles in every shape and size that you can imagine, and in any colours you can create. You can even add essential anoints and fragrances to your candles, so that they non only provide decorative light, however a beautiful scent as well.Most of todays modern candles be made primarily out of paraffin wax wax, but some are alike made of beeswax as well. Paraffin wax is a wax that is derived from imbeds, found naturally all over the world. Strict safety precautions should be keep beau mondeed when making your candles. It could be very easy to make a fine mistake and suffer serious burns from the wax, not to mention the very real danger of fire, when using or creating candles. There should be sepa swan theatre of operations in your home or workshop especially for candle making, with fire extinguishers readi ly available in case of emergency.For a new candle making, it will be best to start with simple candle designs, then summation the difficulty as your skill subjoins. The basic techniques of candle making,have to be lift up and setup your work area appropriately. Pay attention to temperatures, and make certain that you are careful to follow safety rules.Candle making is fairly easy once when understanding the basics and perfect techniques. The in yield(p) news is that the supplies motivationed in candle making are fairly tinny, so no occupy about wasting money if ruin along the way.1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYThe wide-eyed aim of the try out is to introduce candle manufacturing business into Nigeria commercialise in other to improve their standard of living.Along this broad aim emerges the pursuit(a) specific objectives which areTo determine the viability of Candle manufacturing business in Nigeria market.To determine the feasibleness of Candle manufacturing business in N igeria market.To determine the market trends for Candle business.CHAPTER TWOMARKET SURVEY / summary2.1 MARKETThe end users of candle are in the main householders. It is their source of lightening during top executive outage. As originally mentioned white garment churches (the aerial and cherubim and seraphim) are the other end users of candle for making supplication to celestial bodies.Survey of candle making businesses revealed that there are also other study manufacturer of candle such as Candle Royal, Chem.-Bold, BBC Candle, star candle, China candle, to mention a few. This is a plethora of small scale manufacturers. The market for candle stick is relatively large, given the frequency of forcefulness outage and the high woo of generating plants and fuel, which is a substitute for power supply. While power outage and interruption is common place in the urban centres, the rural electrification schemes of the brass are gradually taking off but not yet qualified to provide alternative power. Consequently, the market for candle sticks is a promising one while the drop stands a good chance of success. renderly the types of candle stick produced by the aforementioned manufacturers have been found to burn out relatively faster than expected. From experience and research they take between 3 to 5 hours to burn- off. Reasons adduced for this is mainly the interior content/ concentration of the melt paraffin wax and the size of the candle sticks. This limitation and helplessness has passed in the inability to satisfy alive demand satisfactorily. The situation would be much more unstable when importation of candles is stopped and demand is now concentrated on local candles.To improve on these weaknesses, our own candle is being strengthened with high concentration of good, tested and quality melt paraffin wax.We are also planning to make varied sizes of these white and coloured candle sticks to cater for various users.Also, the effect of these competitor s has been examined by sensitising the outlay of the growths at 5 and 10 percent reduction.2.2 MARKET TREND wedded all the above it has been extremely difficult to determine accurately substantial entropy which could be interpreted to reveal the trend of demand for candle sticks at the range in this study for obvious reasonsOne, the candle making industry in Ibadan, Oyo state is relatively young and competitors unwillingness to part with their company dataSecondly, the type of candle we envisage both in size and content is different from other competitors. Nevertheless, estimated existing crossingion figure for all these competitors for 2008 is 2,112,000 units in IbadanHowever this figure is inconclusive if the object was for a expand analysis. Because of these limitations, one is constrained to look at the consumption trend.2.3 PROJECTION OF DEMANDAs earlier stated, because of the power outage, high monetary value of generating plants and fuel used, candle has readily induce a good alternative. Also considering the unique size and content of our candle, we are of opinion that the labor movement will have no problem in gaining access to the market.In bounceation of candle consumption revealed that in 1998, Oyo state with a state of about 3.5 gazillion people has an estimated demand of 3 million candlesThere is therefore a shortfall of 888,000 units which if imported candle takes 300,000 units would leave an existing demand of 588,000 units. This project is therefore assured of patronage with adequate promotion of the return by the promoters.THE MICRO ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS LOCATIONTHE ECONOMY The Nigeria economy was shaped, and greatly influenced by the quality of the colonial economy which was purely exploitative. The major impulse of colonial rule was the search for cheap and becalm supply of raw materials for the bargaining industries in Europe foreign market for the massively produced goods outlet for tautologic capital and employment of chea p labour (Gann and Digman (eds), 1969). The raw materials in keen demand included like for textile factories, rubber for types and other products, palm crude, hides and skin or leather products, timber for furniture, as well as mineral resources like Tin, Bauxite, Coal to mention a few. The mineral and agricultural endowments of the colonial territories, Nigeria in particular, were massively tapped and exploited for use in Western Europe and North America, an exploitation rationalized in hurt of the advantage in primary products.(Onimode, 1981).The a kind of symbolic relations between colonial territories and capital was enacted which favoured the metropolis. This process was further reinforced by the export of the sur accession capital necessary by the need to sustain the rate of profit and capitalist accumulation in Europe. Consequently Nigeria large internal market became a major dumping ground for equipment and a host of other consumer goods (Dike 1956).Successive indigenous politicss in the earth have tried to grapple with the constrains created by the colonial economy. However the massive wealth generated from the sales of flagrant oil color has made the economy monoculture depending as it were on crude oil. Since oil has become a major political tool in the hand of world powers the price per barrel of crude oil has become vulnerable. This trend has serious implications on national economical growth and development. The dependency on crude oil also gives rise to other economic adversities. Nigerian economy, which was agrarian and self-reliant, has become dependent on food baskets from Western Europe and North America. Thus the country has become a dumping ground for all sorts of goods consumers and capital goods from these foreign countries.It was against this backdrop that the structural adjustment programme (SAP) was launched in September 1986 by the federal Military Government. The specific and major objectives of SAP are(1). To restructure and diversify dependence on the oil domain and economy in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector and on exports.(2). To achieve fiscal and end of payment viability over the period.(3). To lay the basis for a sustainable non inflationary or minimal inflationary growth. (4) To lessen the dominance of unproductive enthronisation funds in the public sector improve the sectors efficiency and intensify the growth of the private sector.POPULATION AND LABOUR (MAN POWER) MATTERSAside her strong economic base Nigeria is blessed with abundant human resources. Going by 1991 population Census Nigeria has a population of over 88 million with balanced demographic distribution. Nigeria population in absolute and qualitative name is indeed appreciable compared to the rest of African. Thus there is abundant supply of semiskilled and unskilled in particular as well as skilled labour. This has downward implication for the appeal of labour which has been one of the attractions for investors ( both foreign and indigenous). However worth salary and wage regulation effected in 2007, which put the minimal basic salary at N8, 500.00 for federal employees and N9, 500.00 for state and local government employees the prices of various categories of labour are rising.2.5 LEGAL AND SOCIAL MATTERSCandle making business is not in the list of prohibited or government monopolies. Therefore an investor is free to start off the business upon completing some legal requirement. Business premises registration levies which involved a minimum of =N=10, 000.00 and =N=5, 000.00 for renewal per annum have to be met.Similarly, women should be adequately represented in the firms employment given the campaign for gender equality following Beijin conference of 1991. Grassroots participation in the manufacture of candle sticks should be given a insolence of place.2.6 THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTThe Nigeria political history is a chequered one, characterized by military intervention in the power politi cs of the country. The first republic which commenced in October 1, 1960, operated a parliamentary attestment headed by Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. The government was sacked in January 15, 1966, paving way for military regimen for some thirteen years regime that fought civil war (1967 1970) and marked by intra military change. On October 1, 1979 the military regime handed over political power to civilian political authority headed by Alhaji Shehu Shagari under a presidential system of government. By December 1983 the military junta intervened once again in the politics of the county and this lasted till whitethorn 29, 1999 when the political power was transferred to the civilian political authority headed by Chief Olusegun Cbasanjo under a presidential system of government in the model of Second Republic. The Nigeria masses are highly mobilized and militant which was a fallout of the annulment of June 12 presidential election won by Late Chief Abiola of the in the south west Ni geria. The annulment of the election result created socio-economic even political crises in the country. Be that at it may Nigeria political climate is becoming predictable and stable and the national questions are being finally addressed. A regime of socio-political stability and economic progress is guaranteed under the democratic political dispensation.CHAPTER THREETECHNICAL compendiumENGINEERING DESIGN AND FABRIACATIONThe engineering design and lie of candle making equipment can be handled locally. Indisputably, the cost saving element is a big advantage to a new entrants into the business, with modest capital. The design and dissimulation can be raised in size and sophistication depending on the capital available to the buyer. Machinery and other equipment necessary for the manufacturing of candle sticks are listed below.Candle moulding machineWater pumping machine( electrical)Overhead water coolerMelting potPail or container to pour the melted wax into the moulding machine championParking tableThe materials required for candle making are as followsParaffin wax ( by- product of petroleum product)Candle threadCooking gas or coal potVegetable oilWaterNylonLabelsEmpty cartonsTape/ tape cutterOTHER not bad(p) ITEMSoffice furniture and equipment and fittings roll up van ( car)Standby generatorCHAPTER 44.1 RESOURCES PLANNING AND COSTMANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONIn order to ensure effective management of operation, provision should be made for the following organisational arrangementsMANAGING DIRECTORAs the owner of the business, he co-ordinates all facets of the business and ensure the smooth track of the business in all ramifications.PRODUCTION / QUALITY CONTROL MANAGERHe/ she is responsible for the production of candle sticks , to meet judicial admission and standards. He/she should be able to undertake repair function if and when it breaks down. It is recommended that the holder of the position should have HND or B.SC in Mechanical EngineeringCOMPANY d epositary/ ACCOUNTANTThe accountant will be the pecuniary offer of the company as well as the company secretary. He will among other duties, be responsible for the following mattersMaintance of proper books of accountsCredit controlBudget preparation, monitoring and reviewBanking andAssistance to auditorsIt is recommended that the memory of the position should hold a B.Sc. Degree or HND in Accountancy or a maestro qualification with at least five (5) years corporate experience.CONFIDENTIAL SECRETARYShould possess certificate in secretarial Administration preferably frequent depicted object Diploma (O.N.D) with proficiency in ready reckoner application software e.g. word processing etc and would be responsible for the typing jobs of the company and other depute dutiesMACHINE OPERATORShould possess certificate in production engineering preferably an Ordinary National Diploma (O.N.D). he would be responsible for actual production of the candle with adequate Supervision by the w are Manager.SALES MENShould possess academic qualification in marketing preferably an Ordinary National Diploma with experience in selling same or related products.ORGANISATION hucksterMANAGING DIRECTORCOMPANY ACCOUNTANT SECRETARYPRODUCTION/QUALITY CONTROL MANAGERCONFIDENTIAL SECRETARYSALES MENMACHINE OPERATORCLERKDRIVEROPE symmetryN OF THE COMPANYPRODUCTIONyield planning and controlProduction engineeringProduction design andProduction auxiliariesACCOUNTING AND FINANCE accounting system PoliciesCompanys financial situation andCredit control systemMARKETINGProductPricing system distribution systemPromotion andOther processingPURCHASINGRaw materialParts and componentsWork in progressSub assembliesMaintenance and repair supplies andOther operating suppliesPERSONNELQuality of staff recruitment and selectionStaff development and promotionStaff welfareSettling disputes/ complaint andStaff field of operations4.2 PROJECT COST AND FINANCINGThe estimated cost of candle manufacturing firm is =N= 2,087,000.00. This is inclusive of the cost of republic and buildings, equipment, and other capital items and operative capital.TABLE 1 PROJECT COST SUMMARY kingdom and construct COST IN NAIRALand acquisition and development includingDrainage, landscaping and other development 250,000Office and factory Building 400,000Sub total 650,000Plant and MachineryMachines, tools and equipment for manufacturingWater cooling system 250,000Standby generator 120,000 hap cost 10% 37,000Sub total 407,000Other capital itemsOffice furniture equipment and fitting 100,000 travel van and Cars 600,000Preliminary expense 80,000Subtotal 780,000Working Capital 250,000GRAND TOTAL 2,087,000LAND AND BUILDINGLand requirement is approximately 1,200 sq.m for a building of 800 sq.m which provide for manufacturing, Office maintenance shop and raw materials plus finished goods storage. It is expected that the modest amount is expected to build the factory and office complex an inexpensive location.PLANT AND MACHINERYThe cost of machinery to fully produce at 80% capacity has been approximated at =N=407,000. This includes the fabrication of the candle making machine, water pumping machine and overhead water tank and the melting pot and drum. render is made also for a standby generator to forestall the inadequacies in countrys power supply at =N= 120,000. A 10% contingency is also provided for to take care of increases in price.OTHER CAPITAL ITEMSProvision has been made for office furniture, equipment and fittings at a cost of =N= 100,000 and =N= 600,000 for the purchase of cardinal vehicles i.e. =N= 350,000 for a second hand van and =N= 250,000 second hand car for running around. A provision of =N=80,000 is made for preliminary expenses like cost of registration of business with the government etc.WORKING CAPITALProvision has been made for working capital to cover the following items transmit of raw materials 6 monthsStock of finished goods 2 weeksAccount receivable 2 weeksOperating embody 1 monthPROJECT FINANCINGIt is proposed that the total project cost of =N=2,087,000 be financed as followsNATURE STRUCTURE AMOUNT %Equity Shareholder 750,000 35.93Working Capital commercial bank 250,000 11.97 eagle-eyed term loan Development bank 1,087,000 52.102,087,000 100.00SHAREHOLDERS EQUITYThe required equity of =N= 750,000 represents 35.93% of the total project cost. This is expected to be contributed by the company promoters.WORKING CAPITALThe working capital requirement varies from =N=250,000 in the first year to =N=550,000 in the fifth year. This estimate is based on the following assumptionsThat 6 months stock of raw materials will be availableThat at any one time 2 weeks stock of finished goods will remainThat accounts receivable will or average 2 weeks salesThat operating cost for one month will be met.See calculation of working capital requirement.LONG TERM LOAN=N= 1,087,000 is the long term requirement which is expected to be obtained from a development bank for small scale enterprise (SME). This is expected to meet the cost of plant and machinery and to complete the factory and office buildings.INTEREST RATEInterest rate calculation was based on the notion that arbitrage will be =N=7.00 between deposit rate and lending rate coupled with the enforcement of senate motion that lending rate should come to 15%COMMERCIAL VIABILITYI have examined the proposals to establish the candle making factory in Ibadan, Oyo state and confirm that the company is economical and commercially operable as shown in the financial projections.The projection are based on the following assumptionsSale direct and sales revenueProjected income statementProjected cash flow statementProjected balance sheet+The following are the highlightsSALES REVENUENet sales are projected to increase from =N=1,200,000 in the first year to =N=1,458,600 in the fifth year. In line with the increase in planned production from 480,000 units of candle in the first year to 583,440 units in the fifth yearINCOME STATEMENTProfit before tax increases from =N=408,700 in the first year to =N=564,118 in the fifth year. This is a modest increase envisage in view of the newness of the business and stiff arguing from other companies in the same business.TABLE 2No. Required Recommendation=N=Production/Quality control manager 1 72,000Coy Accountant/secretary/admin Mgr 1 60,000Sales work force 1 36,000Confidential Secretary 1 30,000Machine Operator 2 48,000Clerk 1 18,000device driver 1 21,600TOTAL 8 285,600TABLE 3 SALES FORECASTS AND SALES REVENUE4.3 ECONOMIC analytic thinkingI have been able to confirm that the project is economically viable based on my assessment and with economy condition of Nigeria. I have endeavoured to use the basics tools of economic analysis in the form of Benefit/ cost Ratio, Net present Value and internal Rate of Return ( IRR) sense but the actual net inflow of funds which will accrue to the firm as a result of undertaking this project i.e. all reven ue from sales minus all cost, including any investment takes place. No deductions are made for depreciation.NET PRESENT VALUEThe project shows a positive Net Present Value of when discounted at 15%. This shows that investment in this project gives profit greater than could be got by investing the same amount at the Firms Marginal Investment rate. (It is assumed that profit realised are withdrawn for use by the firm in any way it chooses)BENEFIT/ COST RATIOThe benefit/ cost ratio which is the ratio of the discounts streams of benefit to the discounted streams of be this shows that the benefits divisible from the project outweighs whatever costs incurred if all benefits and costs are discounted to present ValuesINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNSThe internal rate of deport on the other hand is the rate of return that is being earned on Capital tie up while it is tied up after allowing for recoupment of initial investment.This was found to be 24.6%. Given that we discounted at 15% i.e. we assu med the cost of Capital ( recreate) was 15%, the project would still earn a prodigality of 9.6% over and above the cost of Capital while allowing for all the recoupment of the initial investment. In effect, if the rate of interest were increased by an additional 5%, the investment project will still be economically viable5.3 SUMMARY, RECCOMMENDATION AND finisFrom the five year projection made and analysis carried out, we have found that this investment in the candle making business here at Ibadan would be a worthwhile one.In the first instance, considering the consumption nature of the city of Ibadan coupled with the larger population of people in the city, the product is assured of a ready market.In the second instance, having made a market survey showing that despite the fact that many similar products are available in the market, there is still an untapped market of about 25%. The acute power outage and interruption in the face of assurances by the power and steel Minister to rectify it, not withstanding, the product is assured of regular demandMeanwhile we have designed some marketing strategies like increasing the number of candles in the packet to 12 kinda of the number 8 or 10 while still proposing to sell at N20.00, a price considered very cheap compared to other substitutes going for N40 or thereaboutOther strategy is to use the company sales van to go round the state in the sales promotion, i.e. going from one townsfolk to the other with mounted speaker to create awareness and sensitise the public. We are equally envisaging going on air using the state media e.g. Television, radio and Newspaper to promote the product.On the return aspect of the project, the promoters and the financiers of the project e.g banks are assured of adequate and compensating returns on their investment. With a constant cash flow coupled with profit every year for the next five years, the company is projected to be on the right stem to carve a niche in the sector and be a potential leader in the candle making business.RECOMMENDATIONWe are however recommending that government give incentives to cottage industries like our own by providing the enabling environment e.g. provision of good network of roads, free flowing un-interrupted water and electricity supply to enable constant and peak production at all times.The interest rate could also be reviewed down through good fiscal policies by the financial regulatory bodies to reducing cost of financing.As usual, government should enforce the strict adherence to lending houses commitment to small scale manufacturing concerns ostentatiousness rate should also be reduced or regulated to ensure growth of small companiesCONCLUSIONThis candle making project from the foregoing study no doubt is a worthwhile investment and is recommended for financing.