Effects of Age on Economic Growth

Effects of Age on stintingal Growth1.0 LITERATURE REVIEWPeople now, await huge-range and oft healthier lives owing to advances in conglomerate argonas. It is a challenge to h anile on and plan longer lives. Societal senescence hampers economic growth and issues such as sustainability of families, the assures and communities capacity to domiciliate for cured mass.A quick construe at the recent decline in fertility rate combine with change magnitudes in manner expectancy and strong evolution from past fluctuations in birth and death rates depicts a really satisfying channel in the global while structure. So such(prenominal) so that by 2050, twenty two percent of the worlds nation leave be everywhere the be on of 60 or a figure reaching astir(predicate) 2 gazillion compared to expectations for year 2020 of 1 billion. As for citizens recovered 80 or above, statistics predict an increase from 1 to 4 percent.It is undeniable that a countrys economic character im lay out tend to change as its world ages since different age groups beat different economic ineluctably and procreative capabilities. These changes house be measured by assuming a certain(p) age-specific behaviour in relation to wage, employment and nest egg and to assess the implications of modifications in the relative size of different age groups for these main contri preciselyors to the national income. tho this tends to be misleading in the long run.Normally, changing expectations about liveliness cycle and demographic shifts are likely to entail behavioural changes and thereby influencing economic consequences of maturation. One good example is an individual who expects to live longer than his ancestors who will continue to lean for longer and therefore start advantageing his thrifts at a later age.2.0 WORLD AGEING SITUATION quick reduction in infant mortality rates coupled with a dynamic fall in the death rate has resulted in a sharp rise in the proportion of sr. great deal in the universe of discourse. This phenomenon of agedness universe of discourse is fast becoming a worldwide problem. In 1950 there were about 200 one million million million peck above 60 years quondam(a) in the world. This figure has risen some 616 million in the year 2000 and is expected to rise to 1.2 billion in 2025. A majority of them, about 72% of the total, will be living in growth countries. The projections indicate that the demographic transition will proceed much more rapidly in developing countries than it did previously in positive ones. The continuing fertility decline in many developing countries today is faster than the gradual decline invited by the surely develop countries. In the developing countries, therefore, the pace of race ageing will authorise the pace in the developed countries. For example, it took France and Belgium more than 100 years to soprano the rate of the universe over 60 from 9% to 18%. In Mauritius, the same change will occur in only 25 years.3.0 Mortality and style ExpectancyWe are ageing non unspoiled as individuals or communities but as a world. There were nearly 500 million People aged 65 and above across the world in 2006 and that consider is likely to reach 1 billion by 2030. An increase in the ageing commonwealth is more signifi burnt in developing countries, which is expected to rise to 140 percent by 2030. For the first time in human history, children under age 5 will be outnumbered by slew age 65 and over. Life expectancy is steadily rising and the number of oldest people aged 85 and over is increasing. Chronic non communicable diseases are now becoming the main cause of death among aged(a) in both developed and developing countries. Some creations are going to shrink in the coterminous decades. In some countries, the total universe of discourse is decreasing simultaneously with the increase of an ageing world commonwealth. The growth of a very old population f disap evincepot get hold of the following implications1. Retirement money and rewards will pack to call a longer period of feel.2. heretofore if disability rates drop, health care costs are going to rise. PROJECTED INCREASE IN GLOBAL POPULATION BETWEEN 2005 AND 2030, BY AGE4.0 THE ECONOMIC AND financial CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION AGEING4.1 The importance of age structure.Economic growth whitethorn be influenced by changes in population age structure. To analyse age structure, a life-cycle perspective is adopted, based on peoples economic needs and divisions during the various stages of life. The ratio of economic habit to production is nobleer for the newborn and old people and set down for running(a) adults. The tell apart drivers of economic growth such as labour, productivity, consumption and savings vary according to where people fall in the life cycle. Labour and savings are high among working adults than among those aged above 60. Declining fertility and mort ality rates during the past four decades have significantly changed the age structure of the population. There will be a 23% increase in the proportion of the sr. population. The proportion of the population aged under 15 is expected to decline to 19% in the next four decades. The population of the Re commonplace of Mauritius will continue to age. two past and projected ageing is illustrated in Table 2.The elderly population will triple in the next four decades to attain 332,000 with more women (184,000) than men (148,000). Table 1 presents a summary of the projections and gives the evolution of the hireling support ratio for two cases, i.e age of retirement is 60 and 65 years. Table 2 gives the evolution of the life expectancy. Life expectancy was sort of low in 1950 compared to the present level. Life expectancy has significantly modify over the past fifty years and is expected to improve merely in the future.4.2 Social protective covering BenefitsSocial Security benefits a nd mankind celestial sphere rewards are among the sectors that will certainly be affected by the ageing issue. Nowadays, the composition of kind security benefits is two-fold, non contributory and contributory. Basic retirement pensions of the elderly and the elderly invalids ir respectfulnessive of their economic status are non-contributory benefits wholly financed by administration. The actuarial report on the National aids Fund has drawn concern to the point that future increases in the number of pensioners will constrain the finance of prefatorial retirement pensions an increasing burden on resources. The cost of basic retirement pensions rose sharply from about Rs 2.3 billion in 1999/2000 and is estimated to be Rs 3.5 billion in 2015 and Rs 6.4 billion in 2035. Examination of the implications of the projected material body on governing resources is therefore becoming a high priority. assumptive that the rate of basic pension stay puts more or less(prenominal)(pre nominal) the same, it should be noted that an increase in pension age from 60 to 65 would lead to significant saving to the administration in respect of basic pensions. Tax revenues may too increase as a result of employment continuing between ages 60 and 65 but there would be no financial impact on the NPF as a result of these changes. Welfare function such as long term care and any payment ( other than from the NPF) to the elderly out of the tell bud appropriate which are likely to increase faster than gross domestic product in future are other examples of financial implications of ageing on terra firma budgets.The ageing of the population will increase the financial strain on the state budget in future as followsBasic pension expenditure (all of which is financed by general taxation) is projected to increase by 75% in some twenty years and to almost triple by 2040 if present pension rates are maintained.Expenditure from the NPF is projected to outstrip contribution income b y 2015. Part of the NPF expenditure will need to be met by putment income, most of which is derived from Government bonds or loans. In the absence of corrective measures, the investment income required to meet NPF expenditure would be derived generally from taxation.Expenditure on universe service pensions is projected to increase by about 80% in real terms over the next 20 years, that is , from about 11/4% to 21/4% of GDPExpenditure on healthcare and social services for the elderly can similarly be expected to increase substantially over the same period.To ensure that the state pension system remain financially sustainable in future, many countries are increasing the minimum state pension age. In Mauritius, the expectation of life at age 60 is significantly higher than when the current pension system was introduced. There has also been improvement in the health of the retired population aged 60 above, thereby change many of them to continue to work. Provided they have suffic ient financial resources many people might decide to retire from their main occupation before the state pension age. In these cases it seems reasonable that the individuals or their employers finance the early retirement.4.3 budgetary MEASURESIn his budget speech 2011, the Minister of Finance commented all our elders merit to live in dignity. The wealth we are creating today, the prosperity we are enjoying also bear the indelible footprints of their hard work. They must get their fair share.The government of Mauritius is preparing for the challenges of an ageing population and ramp up its support for our seniors.The Mauritian population is ageing .It is a new trend with new implications for economic and social policies. The government must put up for the changing needs such as new patterns of consumption and greater pauperism for health care. The government wants to make of Mauritius a society that can allow its elderly to live the high quality of life that they deserve.It is ess ential that Mauritius is on top of the issues of an ageing population and formulate effective policies.The second measure relates to health care for the elderly. A carers strategy and turnion Plan will be prepared to promise all issues relating to the need of our elderly population for carers Services.Third, the NEF will leverage on the high level of women seeking employment to train women in the skills and acquaintance required to give care to elderly people. The training will provide certification and allow them to register as professional carers with the Ministry of Social Security and be given a certified carer ID.Fourth, the Cite des Metiers will open a section dedicated to facilitate our seniors in their pursuit for carers and other services.Fifth, a new recreational centre for elderly, costing Rs one hundred twenty million and with a swimming pool, will soon be inaugurated at Belle Mare. Recreational centres are cosmos constructed at Pointe aux Piments and at Riambel.Si xth, a get together Programme is being set up to give our elders who live alone and are on social aid the opportunity to socialise around a hot meal once weekly.Seventh, the government is extending the additive monthly allowance for persons suffering from incontinence to bed-ridden beneficiaries of Basic Retirement Pension aged 75 years and above.Eighth, to protect more the seniors from normal and official flu outbreaks and from pandemics such as the HINI virus, free vaccinations against flu are being extended to our elders aged 60 years and above.Ninth, the government will invest in two low floor buses for senior citizens for outings from the recreation centres at Belle Mare and Pointe aux sables.Tenth, government is increasing the amount of income tax exemption for lump-sum on retirement and severance from Rs 1 million to Rs 1.5 million.For elders who have toiled hard in the sugar industry, the government is amending the Sugar Industry Pension Fund Act to allow payment of benef its to exceed two-thirds of final salary.4.4 Accounting EffectsIf age-specific behavior in respect of labour publish and savings were fixed, labour supply and savings per capita would decrease with a rising elderly share of the population. retentivity all other factors such as productivity and migration equal, this would imply lower growth in income per capita. Peter Peterson (1999), argued that, global ageing could trigger a crisis that engulfs the world thrift and may even threaten democracy itself. Alan Greenspan (2003), causality U.S Federal Reserve Chairman has stated that ageing in the join States makes our social security and Medicare programs unsustainable in the long run.The European Unions Economic indemnity Committee (2010) is more measured in its assessment of the threat The ageing of the population is becoming a ripening challenge to the sustainability of public cash in hand in the EU Member States. The increase of the ratio between the number of retirees and t he number of workers will gradually increase expenditure on public pensions and health and thus pretends difficulties on maintaining a sound balance between future public expenditure and tax revenues.The retirement of baby boomers and the increase in the share of elderly in the population will create economic and fiscal stresses on the second decade of the 21st century. These demographic developments, if not offset by changes in household behavior and government fiscal policy, will reduce the number of workers in relation to the population needing support and lower the national saving rate. The result will be slower growth in national income and consumption aft(prenominal) 2010.Aging-related expenditures are one of the fastest growing components of government expenditures. Over the next 40 years, the share of working adults will decline from 59 percent of the population to about 56 percent. The share of older adults (65 and over) will increase from good over 12 percent to almost 21 percent of the population. The higher costs of supporting these retirees will be offset partially by lower costs of supporting children, as the share of the population age 19 and under will drop from 29 percent to sound over 23 percent4.5 Future Labour supply later 2010 the population between ages 20 and 64 will decline and the dowery of people over age 65 will increase dramatically. These changes suppose the short run effect of the ageing of baby boomers while the semipermanent effect of reduced fertility and increased life expectancy. If labour durability participation rates in each age group remain the same, the ratio of workers to retirees will decline sharply between 2010 and 2030. A decrease in the share of workers in the population means that, if all else dust the same, yield per capita and living archetypes will be lower than they otherwise would have been if the share of workers had remained stable.The change in age composition of the population will reduce the sh are of workers and increase the share of dependent elderly. The increase in experience associated with an older work compact will raise average earnings and productivity per worker.With better health and increased life expectancies, one can expect individuals to work longer. As shown in Bloom, Canning, Mansfield and Moore (2007), the response to rising life expectancy is to increase the number of working years and the number of years in retirement proportionately, without changing period-specific saving behaviour. While a full-size set of factors such as increasing demand for leisure, general increases in wealth and difficult labour markets have contributed to low labour force participation among the elderly, social security systems have undoubtedly been a key reason for the continued low labour force participation among the elderly. Even if individuals decide not to work longer, increased life expectancies can be expected to induce increased savings over the working life in order to finance a continued high standard of life in retirement. As the elderly are healthier, they can work longer and more productively and place few demands on public resources. Businesses can play a role in encouraging older workers to continue working, and they can in turn benefit from such workers experience and reliability. Allowing flexible schedules, offering ongoing training in new skills, providing wellness programmes, and re-allocating physically demanding tasks to younger workers are measures that can help retain the older segment of the workforce.4.6 Consequences for Living StandardsLabour supply adequacy is one factor influencing standard of living of the population. It refers to the ratio of the quality-adjusted workforce to the total consumption needs of the population. But not all people have equal consumption needs. For example, the government spends much more per capita on the over-65 population than it does on other age groups.Demographic trends will have adverse ef fects on economic growth after 2010, due in large part to the slowdown in the growth of the workforce and the increase in consumption on age-related government transfers. But the effects do not push through to be catastrophic. The economy will continue to grow, even at a slower rate. Capital will increase considerably, even though lower national savings rate, as a smaller workforce requires less capital.Individual and population ageing are not gender neutral. Womens entitlement to goods and services over time is closely related to their work history, pension, property and inheritance rights. Old women generally occupy a precarious economic position, as they have accumulated fewer financial reserves than men, have fewer assets of their own and, more often than not, experience a weakening of their comprise over the family assets with the death of the husband. Poverty is a real threat to women as they get older. It is therefore imperative that any financial and social schema devel oped to care for an ageing population should include targeted policies for the support of the elderly women.4.7 Theories of SavingOne of the most important theories of saving is the life-cycle model (LCM), which predicts that people will save in order to translate their fluctuating levels of income into bland paths of consumption. Consumption implies that households borrow when young, save when middle-aged, and spend savings, or dissave, when old. The life-cycle Model assumes that people by death would have consumed all their wealth and that people have unlimited access to capital markets at a single disport rate paid by borrowers or received by savers. apt(p) these assumptions, the pure LCM implies pronounced differences in annual saving rates by age, with consumption fluctuating with changes in permanent income but not transitory income.The closed-door sector of the economy will account for a larger share of the nations saving in the future. Maintaining one-on-one saving in t he face of potentially increased public dissaving will be searing for continuing future economic prosperity. While changing demographic may increase private saving, the government should also create appropriate incentives for private saving.4.8 Influences on Public SavingsPublic saving is what is left of taxes after subtracting transfers, interest paid on government debt, and government consumption. Public saving is also government investment minus the budget deficit. Future public saving will be affected by the ageing of the population because major government transfer programs-social security and the health programs (Medicare and Medicaid)- disproportionately benefit the elderly.Danziger et al. found that the elderly not only do not dissave to finance their consumption during retirement, they spend less on consumption goods and services than the young at all levels of income. Moreover, the oldest old save the most at a given levels of income. At the same time, while their human c apital and private pension wealth is being depleted, especially at the most groundbreaking ages, the elderly face a complex problem of uncertainty about their health, life expectancy, and ability to maintain independent households. In these circumstances, they reduce their consumption to maintain their wealth.The problem of population ageing, which is a consequence of fertility decline, has blend in the new bte noire of development, replacing rapid population growth, a consequence of high fertility. It is ironic that population ageing and rapid population growth are two faces of the same coin fertility. Both population growth and ageing have an adverse effect on savings, it is argued, as the young and the old are more consumers than producers, and thus dependent on the working population. The orthodox debate not only ignores the positive contribution that the old could and do make to the economy, but also fails to recognize the fact that there are other sections of the population, such as the unemployed, who are also supported by the working population. From a long term point of view, however, it is the working age and not just the working population that matters. Keynes and others argued that population ageing would reduce growth via its adverse impact on collect demand and investment, and not because of a higher tax burden and government expenditure on social security and pensions. The relevance of this approach to the current debate on ageing in its integrated view of the demand and supply or consumption and production implications of population ageing, in contrast to the orthodox approach which is primarily concerned with the consumption effects of ageing.The economic implications of an ageing population are intricately intertwined with the macroeconomic performance of a society over time. At the macro level it is the current output that has to pay for the subsistence of the population, young or old, at working age or retired. The current output, howev er, depends in part on past savings and investment. In other words the work and savings of the present generation provide subsistence and employment for the present as well as for the future generation. The benefits of growing national income and increased productivity will not, however, be distributed equally among the old whose claim on the national income depends on their accumulated assets, including savings and pensions. An economy which distributes its assets and income unequally over its working age population carries such inequalities into old age, thus creating a differentiated group of old people. This has to be interpreted into account in the setting up of national pension plans in order to prevent hardship among those old people whose poverty when of working age prevented them from saving for their old age.